A parent's guide to hay fever

Hay fever, also known as allergic rhinitis, is a common allergic reaction that affects millions of people worldwide. It typically occurs when the immune system overreacts to allergens in the air. In his latest article, renowned consultant paediatrician Dr Mugilan Anandarajan explains how parents can help their children find relief and minimise its impact on their daily lives.

What causes hay fever?

Hay fever is primarily triggered by allergens that are inhaled through the nose or mouth. When the immune system identifies these substances as harmful, it releases chemicals, such as histamine, which lead to inflammation in the nasal passages, throat, and eyes. Pollen from trees, grasses, and weeds is one of the most common culprits, with different plants releasing pollen at various times of the year. Additionally, indoor allergens like dust mites, pet dander, and mould can also contribute to hay fever symptoms, especially in susceptible children.

Symptoms of hay fever

The symptoms of hay fever can vary in severity from child to child and may include:

• Sneezing: Frequent and uncontrollable sneezing is a hallmark symptom of hay fever.
• Runny or stuffy nose: Nasal congestion, accompanied by a runny or blocked nose, is a common complaint.
• Itchy eyes, nose, or throat: Irritation and itching in the eyes, nose, or throat are often reported.
• Watery eyes: Excessive tearing or watery discharge from the eyes can occur due to inflammation.
• Coughing: A persistent cough may develop, particularly if postnasal drip is present.
• Fatigue: Hay fever can cause fatigue and interfere with sleep quality, leading to daytime drowsiness.
• Headache: Some individuals may experience headaches as a result of sinus pressure and congestion.

Treatment options

Treatment for hay fever aims to alleviate symptoms and reduce the body's sensitivity to allergens. Depending on the severity of symptoms and individual preferences, various treatment options may be recommended, including:

• Antihistamines: These medications can help block the effects of histamine and relieve symptoms like sneezing, itching, and runny nose.
• Nasal corticosteroids: Nasal sprays containing corticosteroids are effective in reducing inflammation in the nasal passages, relieving congestion and other symptoms.
• Decongestants: Oral or nasal decongestants may be used to shrink swollen nasal tissues and improve breathing.
• Allergy shots (Immunotherapy): In cases of severe or persistent hay fever, allergen immunotherapy may be recommended to desensitise the immune system over time.

Mistaken identities: What else could it be?

Hay fever shares symptoms with other conditions, which can sometimes lead to misdiagnosis. Conditions that may be mistaken for hay fever include:

• Common cold: The common cold can cause nasal congestion, sneezing, and a runny nose, similar to hay fever.
• Sinus infections: Sinus infections (sinusitis) can also present with nasal congestion, facial pain, and postnasal drip, resembling hay fever symptoms.
• Non-allergic rhinitis: Non-allergic rhinitis can cause nasal symptoms like congestion and sneezing but is not triggered by allergens.

By understanding the causes, symptoms, and available treatments for hay fever, parents can effectively manage their child’s condition and allow them to enjoy an improved quality of life.

Dr Mugilan Anandarajan is a renowned consultant paediatrician in Belfast and Hillsborough. If you would like to book a consultation with Dr Anandarajan, you can do so today via his Top Doctors profile.