A parent's guide to understanding and managing infant colic

Infant colic is a common condition that affects many babies in their first few months of life. While it can be distressing for parents, it is important to know that colic is not dangerous and usually resolves on its own. Distinguished consultant paediatrician Dr Margarita Burmester answers some common questions parents may have about infant colic.

What is infant colic?

Infant colic is defined as frequent, prolonged periods of crying or fussiness in an otherwise healthy infant. Typically, colic appears in babies who are 2-6 weeks old and may last until they are around 3-4 months of age. The exact cause is unknown, but it is often thought to be related to digestive issues or sensitivity to stimuli.

What are the symptoms of colic?

Colic is usually recognised by a pattern of excessive crying, which can last for more than three hours a day, at least three days a week, and for three weeks or more. Other signs of colic include:

• Intense crying: The baby may cry loudly and be difficult to soothe.
• Predictable timing: Colic episodes often occur at the same time each day, commonly in the late afternoon or evening.
• Clenching fists: Babies with colic may clench their fists, arch their back, and pull their legs towards their belly.
• Gassy or bloated stomach: Some babies appear to have more gas or may seem uncomfortable after feeding.

What causes colic?

The exact cause of colic is still unknown, but several factors may contribute to it:

• Immature digestive system: Babies’ digestive systems are still developing, which may lead to discomfort after feeding.
• Gas: Swallowed air during feeding or crying can lead to bloating and abdominal pain.
• Sensitivity to stimulation: Babies may be overwhelmed by stimuli such as lights, noise, or touch.
• Feeding problems: Issues with feeding, such as overfeeding or food intolerance, can sometimes contribute to colic.
• Parental anxiety: Some studies suggest that a parent's stress levels may influence a baby's crying patterns.

It is important to note that colic is not caused by anything parents have done wrong. It is a temporary phase, and most babies grow out of it by the time they are 3-4 months old.

How can colic be managed?

Although there is no cure for colic, there are several strategies that may help soothe a colicky baby and make this period easier for parents:

Hold and comfort your baby: Holding your baby close during a crying episode can offer them reassurance. Swaddling, rocking, or gently patting their back may also help calm them.

Create a soothing environment: Reducing stimuli such as loud noises and bright lights can help babies who are sensitive to their surroundings. A dark, quiet room may be beneficial.

Feeding adjustments: Burping your baby after feeding or using anti-colic bottles designed to reduce air intake can help minimise gas. For breastfed babies, mothers may consider adjusting their diet (e.g., cutting out dairy) to see if it improves symptoms.

Use of a pacifier: Sucking on a pacifier may help soothe some babies during colic episodes.

Gentle tummy massage: Lightly massaging the baby’s belly in a circular motion can sometimes relieve discomfort caused by gas.

Consult your doctor: If you are concerned about your baby’s crying or suspect there may be an underlying issue, consult your GP or paediatrician. In rare cases, colic may be confused with other conditions such as reflux or food allergies.

When should I seek medical advice?

While colic is generally harmless, you should see a doctor if:

• Your baby is losing weight or not feeding well.
• You notice blood in the baby’s stools or any unusual vomiting.
• The crying seems different from usual, or your baby has a fever.

Your doctor can help rule out any other medical conditions that may be causing your baby's discomfort and guide you on how best to manage colic.

Dealing with infant colic can be challenging, but it is important to remember that it is temporary. With some practical management techniques and patience, most babies will outgrow colic by the time they are a few months old. If you have concerns or feel overwhelmed, do not hesitate to reach out to your healthcare provider for advice and support.

If you are concerned about your baby’s health and would like to book a consultation with Dr Burmester, do not hesitate to do so by visiting her Top Doctors profile today.