Abnormal smear and HPV: what you need to know

Cervical health is a vital aspect of overall well-being for women, and regular screenings play a crucial role in the early detection and prevention of potential issues. Two key terms often discussed in this context are "abnormal smear" and "HPV" (Human Papillomavirus). Leading consultant obstetrician and gynaecologist Miss Avni Batish explains the connection between abnormal smears and HPV and the steps you can take to maintain your cervical health.

What is an abnormal smear?

An abnormal smear, often detected through a pap test (smear test), refers to changes in the cells of the cervix that differ from normal, healthy cells. These changes can vary from mild to severe. The purpose of the smear test is to screen for these cellular abnormalities, which can indicate the presence of pre-cancerous conditions or, in some cases, cervical cancer. Regular screening is vital because it allows for early detection and treatment, significantly improving outcomes.

What is HPV?

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common viral infection that affects the skin and moist membranes lining the body, such as the cervix, anus, mouth, and throat. There are over 100 different types of HPV, and while most are harmless, some can cause genital warts or lead to cancer. HPV types 16 and 18 are particularly notable for their strong association with cervical cancer.

How are abnormal smears and HPV related?

Abnormal smear results are often linked to HPV infection. When a high-risk strain of HPV infects the cervix, it can cause changes in cervical cells that may be detected during a smear test. While most HPV infections clear up on their own, persistent infections with high-risk types can lead to the development of abnormal cells, which, if left untreated, can progress to cancer over several years.

What happens after an abnormal smear result?

Receiving an abnormal smear result can be concerning, but it is important to understand that it does not mean you have cancer. Depending on the degree of abnormality, further testing, such as a colposcopy (a detailed examination of the cervix), may be recommended. During a colposcopy, a healthcare provider examines the cervix more closely and may take a biopsy (a small sample of tissue) for further analysis.

How is HPV treated?

There is no specific treatment for HPV itself; however, the health issues it can cause, such as genital warts and abnormal cervical cells, can be treated. For abnormal cells, treatment options may include monitoring the cells for changes, surgical removal, or other procedures to prevent progression to cancer. Vaccination is also available and effective in protecting against the most dangerous types of HPV, significantly reducing the risk of cervical cancer.

How can you protect yourself from HPV and abnormal smears?                    

Preventative measures include getting the HPV vaccine, which is recommended for boys and girls starting from ages 11-12, though it can be given up to age 45. Regular cervical screening (smear tests) is crucial for early detection of abnormal changes in cervical cells. Additionally, practicing safe sex by using condoms can lower the risk of HPV transmission, although it does not eliminate it entirely.

Understanding the relationship between abnormal smear results and HPV is crucial for effective prevention and early treatment of potential cervical issues. Regular screening, vaccination, and safe sex practices are key components of protecting your health. If you have any concerns or questions about your smear test results or HPV, consult your healthcare provider for personalised advice and support.

HPV dietary immune boosts

It is recommended that you include the following in your diet:

• Favour berries – you should choose purple and red veg and fruits which are high in lycopene, such as tomatoes, beetroot and blueberries. 
• AHCC-Active Hexose Correlated Compound- shiitake mushroom extract; taking a 3gm daily supplement of AHCC has been proven to boost immunity and help clear HPV infection in some people. (The results of a trial in 2019 showed 60% reduction in HPV infection). One should be taken daily for at least 6 months. 
• Green tea has benefits to help boost immunity. If you choose this option, one should be taken daily for at least 6 months. 

If you would like to book a consultation with Miss Batish, do not hesitate to do so by visiting her Top Doctors profile today.