Autoimmune diseases and their symptoms

Autoimmune diseases occur when the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissues, organs, or cells. Instead of defending the body from infections, the immune system targets healthy components, leading to inflammation and damage. There are over 80 known autoimmune diseases, each affecting different parts of the body and presenting with unique symptoms. Understanding these conditions is essential for early diagnosis and effective management.

What causes autoimmune diseases?

The exact cause of autoimmune diseases remains unclear, but several factors may contribute, including:

• Genetics: A family history of autoimmune diseases increases the risk.
• Environmental triggers: Exposure to infections, toxins or stress can activate immune system responses.
• Hormones: Some autoimmune diseases, such as lupus, are more common in women, suggesting a hormonal link.
• Lifestyle factors: Smoking, diet, and lack of exercise may also play a role in disease onset.

What are the most common symptoms of autoimmune diseases?

While symptoms vary depending on the specific disease, many autoimmune conditions share overlapping signs:

• Fatigue: Persistent tiredness is one of the most common symptoms.
• Joint pain and swelling: Conditions like rheumatoid arthritis cause joint inflammation.
• Skin issues: Rashes, such as the butterfly rash in lupus, or skin thickening in scleroderma.
• Digestive problems: Conditions like Crohn’s disease or coeliac disease can lead to abdominal pain, diarrhoea, or bloating.
• Fever: Low-grade fever can indicate systemic inflammation.
• Neurological symptoms: Tingling, numbness, or weakness, as seen in multiple sclerosis.

Examples of autoimmune diseases and their specific symptoms

1. Rheumatoid arthritis:
   • Swollen, tender joints.
   • Stiffness, especially in the morning.
   • Symmetrical joint pain.
2. Type 1 diabetes:
   • Increased thirst and urination.
   • Unexplained weight loss.
   • Fatigue and blurred vision.
3. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE):
   • Facial rash across the cheeks and nose.
   • Joint pain and swelling.
   • Sensitivity to sunlight.
4. Multiple sclerosis (MS):
   • Muscle weakness or spasms.
   • Vision problems, including blurred or double vision.
   • Balance and coordination difficulties.
5. Psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis:
   • Red, scaly skin patches.
   • Joint pain and stiffness.
   • Nail changes, such as pitting.

How are autoimmune diseases diagnosed?

Autoimmune diseases can be challenging to diagnose because symptoms often overlap with other conditions. Diagnosis typically involves:

• Blood tests: To check for specific antibodies or markers of inflammation, such as antinuclear antibodies (ANA).
• Imaging tests: X-rays, MRIs, or ultrasounds may be used to assess joint or organ damage.
• Biopsies: In some cases, a small tissue sample may be examined for signs of autoimmune activity.

What are the treatment and management options for autoimmune disease?

While there is no cure for autoimmune diseases, various treatments can help manage symptoms and prevent disease progression:

• Medications:
  • Anti-inflammatory drugs: Reduce inflammation and relieve pain.
  • Immunosuppressants: Suppress the immune response to limit tissue damage.
  • Biologics: Target specific pathways involved in the immune response.
• Lifestyle adjustments:
  • Balanced diet and regular exercise.
  • Stress management techniques.
  • Avoiding known triggers, such as certain foods or environmental factors.
• Specialist care: Collaboration with rheumatologists, endocrinologists or neurologists for tailored treatment plans.

Early intervention is key

Recognising the symptoms of autoimmune diseases early can significantly improve outcomes. If you experience persistent or unexplained symptoms, consulting a healthcare professional for evaluation and treatment is essential. With the right combination of medical care and lifestyle adjustments, many people with autoimmune diseases can lead healthy, active lives.