Bladder cancer: a comprehensive guide

Highly experienced consultant urologist and robotic prostate and bladder cancer surgeon Mr Ashwin Sridhar provides advice on what to do if you suspect that you have bladder cancer and what can be done to reduce the risk of developing the condition.

What is bladder cancer?

Bladder cancer is a condition that affects the bladder, a hollow organ in the pelvis responsible for storing urine. While it may not always show symptoms in its early stages, being aware of potential signs and knowing when to seek medical advice is crucial for early detection and effective treatment.

What are the signs of bladder cancer?

Bladder cancer can manifest various signs and symptoms, although it's important to note that these may also indicate other less serious conditions. Nonetheless, if you experience any of the following, it's advisable to consult a healthcare professional:

Blood in urine (haematuria): One of the most common symptoms of bladder cancer is blood in the urine. This may present as pink, red, or cola-coloured urine. While blood in the urine can sometimes be a sign of other conditions such as urinary tract infections (UTIs) or kidney stones, it should always be evaluated by a doctor.

Frequent urination: Feeling the need to urinate more frequently than usual, particularly if accompanied by pain or discomfort, can be a potential indicator of bladder cancer. This symptom may also be associated with other urinary tract issues.

Painful urination: Experiencing pain or a burning sensation during urination may signify bladder irritation, which could be caused by bladder cancer among other conditions.

Pelvic pain: Persistent pain in the pelvic area, lower back, or abdomen without an obvious cause should be evaluated by a healthcare provider, as it could indicate various underlying issues, including bladder cancer.

Changes in urinary habits: Any noticeable changes in urinary habits, such as difficulty urinating or a weak urine stream, should be investigated further.

When should I be concerned about bladder cancer?

While experiencing one or more of the aforementioned symptoms doesn't necessarily mean you have bladder cancer, it is essential to pay attention to your body and seek medical advice if you notice any persistent or unusual changes. Additionally, certain risk factors may increase your likelihood of developing bladder cancer, including:

Smoking: Tobacco use is one of the most significant risk factors for bladder cancer. If you smoke, quitting can reduce your risk.

Age: Bladder cancer is more common in older adults, with the risk increasing with age.

Occupational exposure: Certain occupations, such as those involving exposure to chemicals or dyes, may increase the risk of bladder cancer.

Gender: Men are more likely to develop bladder cancer than women.

Family history: A family history of bladder cancer may also increase your risk.

When should I do if I suspect that I have bladder cancer?

If you suspect you have bladder cancer due to symptoms like blood in urine or pelvic pain, it's crucial to consult a doctor promptly. They can perform tests such as urine analysis, imaging scans or a camera test (cystoscopy) to diagnose or rule out bladder cancer and recommend appropriate treatment options. Early detection and treatment offer the best chance of successful outcomes.

What are the stages of bladder cancer? 

Bladder cancer stages range from 0 to IV, indicating the extent of the disease's spread. Stage 0 involves cancer confined to the bladder's inner lining, while stage IV denotes cancer that has spread to distant organs. Staging helps determine treatment options and prognosis, guiding decisions for optimal management.

What are the treatment options for bladder cancer?

Bladder cancer treatment depends on factors like stage, grade, and patient health. Options include surgery (TURBT for early stages, cystectomy for advanced), chemotherapy (intravesical or systemic), immunotherapy (BCG), radiation, targeted therapy, and clinical trials. Treatment choice is tailored to each patient, often combining therapies for optimal results.

What lifestyle changes can help prevent bladder cancer or reduce the risk of recurrence? 

Lifestyle changes that can help prevent bladder cancer or reduce the risk of recurrence include quitting smoking, as it's a major risk factor. Additionally, maintaining a healthy weight, staying hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids, and eating a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables can contribute to overall bladder health.

May is bladder cancer awareness month, therefore it is time to increase your knowledge and awareness about this form of cancer. If you are concerned about bladder cancer and would like to book a consultation with Mr Sridhar, do not hesitate to do so by visiting his Top Doctors profile today.