How are gallstones removed?

Gallstones form in the gallbladder, which is the small organ below the liver. They can vary in size and composition, and while some gallstones may not cause symptoms, others can lead to pain, infection, or blockages that require removal. The method of removing gallstones depends on the severity of the condition and whether symptoms are present.

Non-surgical options for gallstone management

In cases where gallstones are small, non-symptomatic, or surgery is not immediately required, these approaches may be considered:

• Medications:
  • Oral bile acid pills, such as ursodeoxycholic acid, can dissolve cholesterol-based gallstones over time. However, this method is only suitable for specific types of gallstones and may take months or years to be effective.
• Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP):
  • This minimally invasive procedure is used to remove gallstones that have moved into the bile ducts. An endoscope is inserted through the mouth and guided to the bile ducts, where tools can extract the stones.

Surgical removal of gallstones

Most symptomatic gallstones require surgical intervention, particularly if they cause recurrent pain, inflammation, or complications like gallbladder infections or pancreatitis.

• Cholecystectomy (gallbladder removal):
  • This is the most common and effective treatment for gallstones. Since gallstones often recur if the gallbladder is left intact, the gallbladder itself is removed during this procedure.
  • Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: This is a minimally invasive surgery where small incisions are made in the abdomen to remove the gallbladder. It has a faster recovery time and fewer complications compared to open surgery.
  • Open cholecystectomy: In more complex cases, such as severe inflammation or infection, open surgery may be necessary.
• Gallbladder-preserving techniques:
  • In rare cases, a procedure called gallstone removal via endoscopic cholecystolithotomy may be used to extract stones without removing the gallbladder. However, this approach is less common and typically reserved for specific circumstances.

Post-removal considerations

After gallbladder removal, most people live healthy, normal lives without major dietary restrictions. However, some may experience mild digestive issues, such as diarrhoea, which often improve over time.

How can I prevent developing gallstones in the future?

For those at risk of developing gallstones, preventive strategies include:

• Maintaining a healthy weight and avoiding rapid weight loss.
• Eating a balanced diet rich in fibre and healthy fats while limiting refined carbohydrates and saturated fats.
• Staying physically active to promote healthy digestion and bile flow.

If you're experiencing gallstone symptoms such as severe abdominal pain, nausea, or jaundice, seeking medical advice promptly is essential to determine the best course of action.