How is IBS managed?

Here, highly renowned consultant gastroenterologist, Dr Vivek Goel, shares his expert medical insights with regards to irritable bowel syndrome. 

What is IBS?

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal disorder that affects the large intestine, leading to uncomfortable symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, gas, and changes in bowel habits. These symptoms can include constipation, diarrhoea, or alternating between the two. While IBS is a chronic condition, its severity varies from person to person, and it can significantly impact quality of life.

Causes

The exact cause of IBS remains unclear, but various factors are believed to contribute to its development. One theory is that abnormal intestinal contractions may play a role, either moving food too quickly or too slowly through the digestive tract, leading to diarrhoea or constipation, respectively.

Additionally, hypersensitivity of the nerves in the intestines may cause heightened pain perception, even when there’s only minimal stretching or gas. Some people with IBS have a history of bacterial infections, which suggests that the condition may develop after an infection or imbalance in gut bacteria. Stress and emotional factors also exacerbate IBS symptoms, as the gut and brain communicate through the "gut-brain axis."

Management of IBS

Managing IBS often requires a multifaceted approach. Since diet plays a significant role in symptom control, many individuals benefit from identifying and avoiding "trigger" foods. Common triggers include dairy, caffeine, fatty foods, and artificial sweeteners.

The low FODMAP diet, which limits certain fermentable carbohydrates, has been effective for some IBS patients. Regular exercise and stress management techniques, such as yoga, meditation, or therapy, can also help in reducing symptom severity.

In more severe cases, medications may be necessary to manage specific symptoms. Laxatives or fiber supplements may be recommended for constipation, while anti-diarrheal drugs or antispasmodics can help control diarrhoea and cramping. Psychological therapies, including cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), can also assist in managing the emotional triggers of IBS symptoms.

While there is no cure for IBS, many people successfully manage their symptoms with lifestyle modifications, diet changes, and medical interventions. Consulting a healthcare professional is essential for personalized treatment plans to address this complex and often frustrating condition.