How is prostate cancer normally treated?

Here, revered consultant urologist, Mr Biral Patel, talks all about prostate cancer, including symptoms, risk factors, and treatment.

What is prostate cancer, and how common is it?

Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting men, particularly those over the age of 50. The prostate is a small gland located below the bladder and in front of the rectum, responsible for producing seminal fluid.

Prostate cancer typically grows slowly and may initially remain confined to the prostate gland, where it may not cause significant harm. However, some types can be more aggressive and spread quickly.

What are the associated risk factors?

Several risk factors contribute to the likelihood of developing prostate cancer. Age is a primary factor, with the majority of cases diagnosed in men over 65. Family history also plays a significant role; having a father or brother with prostate cancer doubles a man's risk.

Additionally, genetic factors such as inherited mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes can increase the risk. African American men are at a higher risk of developing prostate cancer compared to men of other races.

What are the symptoms of prostate cancer?

Early-stage prostate cancer often does not present symptoms, making regular screening crucial for early detection. When symptoms do appear, they may include difficulty urinating, a weak or interrupted urine flow, frequent urination (especially at night), pain or burning during urination, and blood in the urine or semen. Advanced prostate cancer can cause pain in the back, hips, or pelvis, and may lead to erectile dysfunction.

What does screening for prostate cancer involve?

Screening for prostate cancer typically involves a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test and a digital rectal exam (DRE). Elevated PSA levels can indicate the presence of prostate cancer, but they can also be caused by other conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostatitis. If these tests suggest cancer, further diagnostic procedures like a prostate biopsy or imaging tests may be conducted.

How is prostate cancer normally treated?

Treatment options for prostate cancer depend on the stage of the disease, the patient’s overall health, and personal preferences. Active surveillance or watchful waiting may be recommended for low-risk cases. More aggressive treatments include surgery (prostatectomy), radiation therapy, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, and newer options like immunotherapy and targeted therapy.

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