How to treat and prevent urinary tract infections (UTIs)

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common but treatable ailment that can cause significant discomfort and lead to more serious health issues if not properly managed.

This article provides an expert insight into the symptoms, causes, and treatment options for UTIs, as well as some effective preventive measures.

What are the main symptoms of a urinary tract infection?

A UTI can affect any part of the urinary system, including the kidneys, bladder, ureters, and urethra. The symptoms of a UTI can vary depending on which part of the urinary tract is infected, but there are common signs to look out for, such as:

• a frequent, strong urge to urinate
• a burning or painful sensation when urinating
• cloudy or discoloured urine
• strong, unpleasant-smelling urine
• haematuria (blood in the urine)

What can cause a urinary tract infection?

The most frequent cause of UTIs is the bacterium Escherichia coli, which is typically found in the gastrointestinal tract. These bacteria can enter the urinary tract through the urethra and start multiplying in the bladder.

Other risk factors that can contribute to the likelihood of developing a UTI include sexual intercourse, structural abnormalities or blockages in the urinary tract, urinary catheter use, and conditions that weaken the immune system.

What treatment options are usually indicated for a urinary tract infection?

Most UTIs can be treated with a course of oral antibiotics. Commonly prescribed antibiotics include Nitrofurantoin, Trimethoprim, Fosfomycin, and Amoxicillin. It’s essential to complete the entire course of antibiotics prescribed, even if symptoms improve before the medication is finished, to ensure the infection is fully cleared.

For more severe or recurrent UTIs, a longer course of antibiotics may be necessary. Additionally, your urological surgeon may recommend a urine culture to identify any underlying causes, such as urinary tract abnormalities or chronic conditions that may predispose you to infections. In some cases, intravenous antibiotics may be required, particularly if the infection has spread to the kidneys.

How can I prevent urinary tract infections?

Preventing UTIs involves adopting habits that reduce the risk of bacteria entering and multiplying in the urinary tract. Some effective strategies include:

• Drinking plenty of water: Staying well-hydrated helps dilute urine and encourages regular urination, which can flush bacteria out of the urinary tract, clearing the infection more quickly.
• Urinating frequently: Avoid holding urine for extended periods, as this can allow bacteria to grow in the bladder.
• Avoiding potential irritants: Caffeine, alcohol, spicy foods, and artificial sweeteners can irritate the bladder and may exacerbate symptoms in people prone to UTIs.

If you suspect you have a UTI, it's important to seek medical advice promptly to receive the appropriate treatment and prevent complications.