IBS explained: Causes, symptoms and effective treatment options

Irritable bowel syndrome, or IBS, is a gastrointestinal disorder that affects many people. It occurs in the large intestine and is characterised by a combination of symptoms, including abdominal pain, bloating and diarrhoea, constipation or a mix of both. This article takes a look at the causes, symptoms and treatment options of this condition.

What causes IBS?

The exact cause of IBS isn’t completely understood. However, several factors are thought to contribute to the development of the condition:

• Gut-brain connection: The communication between the brain and the gut may become impaired, causing abnormal contractions of the digestive tract.
• Increased gut sensitivity: Individuals with IBS may experience heightened sensitivity to normal digestive processes.
• Gut microbiome imbalances: Changes in the types and numbers of bacteria in the gut can play a role in IBS symptoms.
• Infections and inflammation: Some people develop IBS following a severe bout of gastroenteritis or a gut infection, which can lead to persistent inflammation.

What are the main symptoms of IBS?

IBS symptoms can vary from person to person and often come and go. Some of the most common signs include:

• Abdominal pain and cramping: This is often relieved by passing a bowel movement.
• Bloating: A feeling of fullness or swelling in the abdomen.
• Altered bowel habits: This may include diarrhoea, constipation or alternating between the two.
• Mucus in the stool: Some people with IBS may notice mucus in their bowel movements.

These symptoms can range from mild to severe and may impact daily activities and quality of life. It is important to seek medical advice if these symptoms persist, as other conditions can have similar presentations.

How is IBS diagnosed?

IBS is typically diagnosed based on the pattern of symptoms and by ruling out other conditions. Your GP or specialist may use the following steps to confirm an IBS diagnosis:

• Medical history and symptom review: This includes understanding when symptoms occur and any potential triggers.
• Physical examination: A basic assessment may help rule out more serious conditions.
• Diagnostic tests: Blood tests, stool samples, or imaging such as an ultrasound may be conducted to exclude other potential issues, such as coeliac disease or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

What are the treatment options for IBS?

Managing IBS often requires a multifaceted approach. While there is no cure for IBS, various treatments can help alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life:

Dietary changes

• Low FODMAP diet: This diet limits certain carbohydrates that can trigger IBS symptoms. It is usually done under the guidance of a dietitian.
• Fibre adjustments: Some individuals benefit from increasing soluble fibre intake, while others may need to limit insoluble fibre.

Lifestyle modifications

• Regular exercise: Physical activity can help regulate bowel movements and reduce stress.
• Stress management: Practices such as mindfulness, yoga, and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) can be beneficial.

Medications

• Antispasmodics: These can reduce abdominal pain and cramping.
• Laxatives or anti-diarrhoeal agents: Depending on whether constipation or diarrhoea is predominant.
• Low-dose antidepressants: These may be prescribed for their pain-relieving properties in the digestive tract.

Can IBS be effectively managed?

Yes. With the right combination of treatments and lifestyle changes, many people find significant relief from IBS symptoms. Ongoing communication with healthcare providers can help tailor an individualised management plan that targets specific triggers and needs.