Macular degeneration: types, symptoms, and treatment

Macular degeneration, also known as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is a common eye condition that primarily affects older adults. It is the leading cause of vision loss in individuals over the age of 50.

AMD occurs when the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp and detailed vision, begins to deteriorate. This damage impacts a person’s ability to see fine details clearly, making tasks like reading, driving, and recognising faces difficult.

Types of AMD

There are two main types of AMD: dry and wet. Dry AMD is the more common form, accounting for about 85-90% of cases. It occurs gradually as the macula thins and small, yellowish deposits called drusen accumulate under the retina, causing blurred vision over time.

Wet AMD, although less common, is more severe and progresses rapidly. In this form, abnormal blood vessels grow under the retina and leak fluid or blood, leading to sudden vision loss or distortion.

Symptoms

Early symptoms of AMD may include blurry or fuzzy vision, difficulty seeing in low light, or noticing straight lines appear wavy. In the advanced stages, patients may experience a dark or empty area in the center of their vision. AMD typically does not lead to complete blindness, but it significantly impairs central vision while peripheral vision remains intact.

Treatment

There is no cure for AMD, but early detection and treatment can help slow its progression and preserve vision. For dry AMD, lifestyle changes such as a diet rich in leafy greens, quitting smoking, and protecting the eyes from UV light can help.

In some cases, specific vitamins and supplements may also slow the disease. For wet AMD, treatments include anti-VEGF injections, which help block the growth of abnormal blood vessels, and laser therapy.

Regular eye exams are crucial for catching AMD in its early stages. If you experience any changes in vision, it’s essential to consult an eye specialist immediately. Early intervention and a proactive approach to eye health can significantly improve quality of life for those at risk of AMD.