Prostate cancer: Eveything patients need to know

Prostate cancer is a significant health concern for men worldwide. In his latest online article, renowned consultant urological surgeon Mr Antoine Kass-Iliyya explains the symptoms, risk factors, treatment options, and and answers his patients’ other frequently asked questions.

Symptoms of prostate cancer

Prostate cancer often develops without noticeable symptoms in its early stages. However, as the disease progresses, individuals may experience:

• Urinary changes: Difficulty urinating, weak urine flow, frequent urination (especially at night), or the sensation of not emptying the bladder completely.
• Blood in urine or semen: Blood may appear in urine or semen, which can be alarming and should prompt immediate medical attention.
• Pelvic discomfort: Pain or discomfort in the pelvic area, lower back, hips, or upper thighs.

Who is most at risk?

While any man can develop prostate cancer, certain factors may increase the risk, including:

• Age: The risk of prostate cancer increases with age, particularly after the age of 50.
• Family history: Individuals with a family history of prostate cancer, especially in close relatives like fathers or brothers, are at higher risk.
• Ethnicity: African-American men have a higher risk of developing prostate cancer than men of other ethnicities.
• Lifestyle factors: Obesity, poor diet, and lack of physical activity may contribute to an increased risk.

Diagnosis and screening

Early detection is crucial for effective treatment. Screening for prostate cancer typically involves a combination of a digital rectal exam (DRE) and a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test. Men should discuss the benefits and risks of screening with their healthcare provider, particularly if they have risk factors or concerns.

Treatment options

The appropriate treatment for prostate cancer depends on various factors, including the stage of the cancer, overall health, and personal preferences. Treatment options may include:

• Active surveillance: Monitoring the cancer's progression with regular check-ups and tests without immediate treatment.
• Surgery: Surgical removal of the prostate gland (prostatectomy) may be recommended, especially for localized prostate cancer.
• Radiation therapy: High-energy rays are used to kill cancer cells or shrink tumors.
• Hormone therapy: Medications or procedures to reduce the levels of male hormones (androgens) in the body, which can slow the growth of prostate cancer.
• Chemotherapy: Drugs are used to kill cancer cells or stop them from growing, often recommended for advanced prostate cancer.

Can prostate cancer be prevented?

While there is no guaranteed way to prevent prostate cancer, adopting a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and avoiding smoking, may help reduce the risk.

What are the side effects of treatment?

Side effects of prostate cancer treatment can vary depending on the type of treatment chosen. Common side effects may include urinary incontinence, erectile dysfunction, fatigue, and changes in bowel habits.

How often should I get screened for prostate cancer?

The frequency of screening should be discussed with a healthcare provider and may depend on individual risk factors and preferences. Generally, screening may start at age 50 for average-risk individuals and earlier for those with higher risk factors.

What is the prognosis for prostate cancer?

Prognosis varies depending on the stage and aggressiveness of the cancer, as well as individual factors such as overall health and response to treatment. Early detection and appropriate treatment can significantly improve prognosis.

Prostate cancer is a complex disease, but with early detection and advances in treatment, many men can effectively manage the condition and maintain a good quality of life. Regular check-ups, open communication with healthcare providers, and a proactive approach to health can make a significant difference in detecting and treating prostate cancer. If you have any concerns or questions about prostate health, don't hesitate to consult with a medical professional.

Mr Antoine Kass-Iliyya is a renowned consultant urological surgeon based in York. If you would like to book a consultation with Mr Kass-Iliyya, you can do so today via his Top Doctors profile.