The association between diet and endometriosis / adenomyosis

Endometriosis is a chronic gynaecological condition affecting millions of women worldwide, characterised by the growth of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus. Research has increasingly focused on the role of diet in the development and management of endometriosis.

Evidence suggests that a diet high in meat and refined foods is associated with an increased risk of endometriosis, whereas a plant-based diet may have protective effects. Renowned consultant women’s health expert and consultant gynaecologist Mr Mahantesh Karoshi explores the link between the diet and endometriosis/ adenomyosis.

Meat and refined foods: increased risk

Hormonal Influence: Meat, particularly red meat, is often high in saturated fats and exogenous hormones, which can disrupt the body's hormonal balance. A study published in the *American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology found that women who consumed more red meat had a significantly higher risk of endometriosis compared to those who consumed less . The consumption of high-fat foods can increase oestrogen levels, a hormone that can exacerbate endometriosis symptoms and growth.

Inflammation: Refined foods, including sugary snacks, white bread, and processed items are known to promote inflammation in the body. Chronic inflammation is a known factor in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Research published in *Human Reproduction indicated that diets high in trans fats and refined sugars were associated with an increased risk of endometriosis due to their inflammatory properties.

Oxidative stress: Meat and refined foods contribute to oxidative stress, which is the imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the body. This imbalance can damage cells and tissues, including those affected by endometriosis. A study in the *Journal of Nutrition found that women with higher intake of red and processed meats had elevated markers of oxidative stress, correlating with a higher incidence of endometriosis.

Plant-based diet: protective effects

Anti-inflammatory properties: Plant-based diets are rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, and seeds, which are high in antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds. These foods can help reduce systemic inflammation. A study in *Fertility and Sterility showed that women who followed a plant-based diet had lower levels of inflammatory markers and a reduced risk of endometriosis.

Hormone regulation: Plant-based diets can help regulate oestrogen levels due to their high fibre content. Fibre aids in the excretion of excess oestrogen from the body, reducing the risk of hormone-driven conditions like endometriosis. Research in *The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition demonstrated that higher dietary fibre intake was associated with lower circulating oestrogen levels and a reduced risk of endometriosis.

Antioxidant benefits: The high antioxidant content in plant-based foods helps combat oxidative stress. Antioxidants such as vitamins C and E, found abundantly in fruits and vegetables, protect cells from damage. A study in *Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology found that women who consumed more antioxidants had a lower incidence of endometriosis, suggesting a protective effect

The evidence clearly indicates that a diet high in meat and refined foods is associated with an increased risk of endometriosis, while a plant-based diet may offer protective benefits. By reducing inflammation, regulating hormones, and combating oxidative stress, plant-based diets provide a multifaceted approach to potentially lower the risk and severity of endometriosis. Therefore, dietary modifications could be a significant component of managing and preventing this debilitating condition.

If you would like to book a consultation with Dr Karoshi, do not hesitate to do so by visiting his Top Doctors profile today.

References

1.⁠ ⁠Parazzini, F., et al. (2004). Selected food intake and risk of endometriosis. Human Reproduction, 19(8), 1755-1759.

2.⁠ ⁠Missmer, S. A., et al. (2010). A prospective study of dietary fat consumption and endometriosis risk. Human Reproduction, 25(6), 1528-1535.

3.⁠ ⁠Chavarro, J. E., et al. (2004). Iron intake and risk of endometriosis. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 104(5), 1085-1093.

4.⁠ ⁠Yaghmaei, P., et al. (2020). The relationship between diet and endometriosis: A review. Fertility and Sterility, 113(2), 371-382.

5.⁠ ⁠Mu, F., et al. (2017). A prospective study of dietary fiber intake and risk of endometriosis. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 106(3), 842-849.

6.⁠ ⁠Harris, H. R., et al. (2018). Antioxidant intake and risk of endometriosis: a prospective cohort study. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology, 16(1), 1-8.