Understanding paediatric epilepsy: A guide for patients and families

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder that affects the brain's electrical activity, leading to recurrent seizures. In children, this condition can be particularly concerning for parents and caregivers. Understanding paediatric epilepsy is crucial for managing the condition effectively and ensuring the best possible quality of life for affected children. Experienced consultant paediatrician Dr Rahul Bharat provides clear, accessible information to help families navigate the complexities of paediatric epilepsy.

What are the symptoms of paediatric epilepsy?

The symptoms of paediatric epilepsy can vary widely depending on the type of seizures a child experiences. Seizures are sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbances in the brain, which can manifest in different ways. Common symptoms include staring spells, temporary confusion, uncontrollable jerking movements of the arms and legs, loss of consciousness or awareness, and cognitive or emotional disturbances. It's important to note that not all seizures involve convulsions (violent shaking), and some may be subtle, such as brief periods of unresponsiveness or unusual behaviours.

What causes paediatric epilepsy?

The causes of paediatric epilepsy can be multifactorial. In some cases, epilepsy is genetic, meaning it runs in families. Other times, it may be due to structural abnormalities in the brain, such as those resulting from congenital conditions (conditions present at birth), head injuries, or infections like meningitis. Metabolic disorders, which affect the body's ability to process certain chemicals, can also lead to epilepsy. Despite advances in medical research, in many cases, the exact cause remains unknown. However, understanding potential triggers and maintaining a seizure diary can help in managing the condition.

How Is paediatric epilepsy diagnosed?

Diagnosing epilepsy in children involves a thorough evaluation by a paediatric neurologist, a specialist in children's nervous system disorders. The process typically includes a detailed medical history, a description of the seizures, and a physical and neurological examination. Diagnostic tests such as electroencephalograms (EEGs), which measure electrical activity in the brain, and imaging studies like MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) or CT (computed tomography) scans may be used to identify abnormalities in the brain. Blood tests can also help rule out other conditions that might cause seizures.

What are the treatment options for paediatric epilepsy?

Treatment for paediatric epilepsy aims to control seizures, reduce their frequency, and improve the child's quality of life. The primary treatment option is anti-epileptic medications (AEDs), which help to stabilise the electrical activity in the brain. Finding the right medication and dosage can sometimes require time and adjustments. In cases where medications are ineffective, other treatments may be considered. These include dietary therapies such as the ketogenic diet, which is high in fats and low in carbohydrates, or surgical interventions to remove the area of the brain where seizures originate. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), a treatment that involves a device implanted under the skin to send electrical impulses to the brain, is another option for some children.

How can families support a child with epilepsy?

Living with paediatric epilepsy can be challenging, but supportive families play a vital role in managing the condition. Educating themselves about epilepsy, advocating for their child's needs in school and social settings, and maintaining open communication with healthcare providers are essential steps. Additionally, ensuring the child adheres to their treatment plan and identifying potential seizure triggers, such as stress or lack of sleep, can help manage the condition effectively. Support groups and counselling can also provide emotional support for both the child and their family.

Understanding paediatric epilepsy empowers families to navigate the journey with greater confidence and hope, ensuring that children with epilepsy lead fulfilling lives.

If your child suffers from epilepsy and you would like to book a consultation with Dr Bharat, do not hesitate to do so by visiting his Top Doctors profile today.