Urinary tract infections: What you need to know

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common health concern affecting millions of people every year. They occur when bacteria enter the urinary system, which includes the kidneys, bladder, ureters (the tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder), and urethra (the tube that expels urine from the body). While UTIs can cause significant discomfort, they are usually treatable with the right care.

We speak to an esteemed urologist, who provides all the information you need to know about UTIs.

What causes a urinary tract infection?

Bacteria, most commonly Escherichia coli (E. coli), which are naturally found in the gut, are the typical cause of UTIs. These bacteria can travel to the urinary tract, often through the urethra. Poor hygiene, sexual activity, certain types of birth control like spermicides, and holding urine for extended periods may increase the risk of infection. Women are particularly prone to UTIs due to their shorter urethra, which makes it easier for bacteria to reach the bladder.

What are the symptoms of a UTI?

The symptoms of a UTI vary depending on which part of the urinary tract is affected. A bladder infection (cystitis) commonly causes a strong urge to urinate, a burning sensation when urinating, and cloudy or foul-smelling urine. Blood in the urine (haematuria) is another potential symptom. If the infection reaches the kidneys (pyelonephritis), it may cause back pain, fever, chills, nausea, or vomiting.

How are UTIs diagnosed?

To diagnose a UTI, a healthcare provider may ask about your symptoms and test a urine sample. The sample is examined under a microscope or cultured to identify the specific bacteria causing the infection. In some cases, additional tests such as imaging (e.g., ultrasound) or a cystoscopy (a procedure to look inside the bladder) may be needed for recurring or severe infections.

How are UTIs treated?

Most UTIs are treated with antibiotics, which target the bacteria responsible for the infection. The type of antibiotic prescribed depends on the severity of the infection and the specific bacteria identified. It is crucial to complete the full course of antibiotics, even if symptoms improve, to prevent the infection from returning. You should ensure that you drink plenty of water and urinate regularly to help flush out bacteria.

Can UTIs be prevented?

Yes, there are steps you can take to reduce the risk of developing a UTI. Drinking plenty of fluids, wiping from front to back after using the toilet, urinating after sexual activity, and avoiding irritants like douches or harsh soaps near the genital area can all help. For individuals who experience recurrent UTIs, a doctor may recommend additional preventative measures, such as low-dose antibiotics or specific lifestyle changes.