What are the main causes of abdominal pain?

Abdominal pain is a common symptom that can range from mild discomfort to severe pain. It may originate from different organs in the abdomen, such as the stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, or appendix, making diagnosis challenging. Understanding the potential causes of abdominal pain is essential for managing the issue effectively and knowing when to seek medical help.

Causes

There are many reasons for abdominal pain. Common causes include indigestion, gas, constipation, or food intolerances, which usually result in temporary discomfort. Viral or bacterial infections, such as gastroenteritis or food poisoning, may also lead to sudden, sharp pain, often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, or diarrhoea.

More serious causes include appendicitis, which presents as sharp pain in the lower right side of the abdomen, often requiring immediate surgical intervention. Gallstones, ulcers, and hernias can also cause significant pain and may need medical treatment or surgery. 

In some cases, abdominal pain may be related to conditions outside the digestive system, such as kidney stones or urinary tract infections (UTIs). Chronic conditions like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), or endometriosis can also lead to recurring pain that requires ongoing management.

When to seek medical help

It’s important to know when to seek medical attention for abdominal pain. If the pain is severe, persistent, or accompanied by other concerning symptoms—such as fever, bloody stools, unintentional weight loss, jaundice, or vomiting blood—immediate medical evaluation is needed. These signs may indicate a more serious underlying condition.

In many cases, abdominal pain is manageable with over-the-counter remedies or lifestyle adjustments. However, if the pain is unexplained or worsens, consulting a healthcare professional is crucial to rule out serious conditions and receive appropriate treatment.