What are the main causes of sciatica?

Sciatica is a common condition that can cause significant discomfort and impact your daily life. Understanding what sciatica is, its symptoms, and treatment options can help you manage the condition more effectively. In his latest online, Dr James Blackburn breaks down the essentials of sciatica in a clear and accessible way.

What is sciatica?

Sciatica refers to pain that radiates along the path of the sciatic nerve, which runs from your lower back through your hips and buttocks and down each leg. Most often, sciatica occurs on just one side of your body. The pain can be severe and may be accompanied by numbness, tingling, or muscle weakness in the affected leg.

Causes of sciatica

The primary cause of sciatica is the compression or irritation of the sciatic nerve. This can be caused by several underlying conditions, such as:

• Herniated disc: A condition where the soft cushion of tissue between the bones in your spine pushes out.

• Spinal stenosis: A narrowing of the spinal canal that puts pressure on the nerve. 

• Piriformis syndrome: A condition where the piriformis muscle in the buttocks irritates the sciatic nerve.

• Injury: Trauma to the lower spine can also lead to sciatica.

Symptoms to watch for

Sciatica symptoms can vary widely. Common signs include:

• Pain: This can range from mild to excruciating and typically affects the lower back, buttock, and leg.

• Numbness and tingling: A “pins and needles” sensation that often accompanies the pain. 

• Weakness: Challenges in moving the affected leg or foot.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing sciatica usually involves a physical examination and a review of your medical history. Your doctor may ask you to perform certain movements to pinpoint the source of your pain. Imaging tests, such as X-rays, MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), or CT (Computed Tomography) scans, can help identify underlying conditions affecting the sciatic nerve.

Treatment options 

The goal of sciatica treatment is to alleviate pain and enhance mobility. Common approaches include:

• Medications: Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as ibuprofen or paracetamol, can help manage pain. In some cases, prescription medications may be necessary.

• Physical therapy: Exercises and stretches can strengthen the muscles supporting your spine and reduce nerve compression.

• Hot and cold packs: Applying heat or ice packs can provide temporary relief.

• Lifestyle changes: Maintaining a healthy weight, practising good posture, and avoiding prolonged sitting can help prevent sciatica.

• Surgery: In severe cases, when conservative treatments fail, surgery may be considered to remove the source of nerve compression.

Self-care and prevention

Engaging in regular exercise, practising good ergonomics, and paying attention to your body mechanics can help prevent sciatica. Strengthening your core muscles, maintaining flexibility, and avoiding activities that put excessive strain on your back are also crucial in managing this condition.

By understanding the basics of sciatica, you can take proactive steps to manage your symptoms and improve your quality of life. If you suspect you have sciatica, it’s essential to consult a healthcare professional for a comprehensive evaluation and personalised treatment plan.

Dr James Blackburn is an esteemed pain management specialist. You can schedule an appointment with Dr Blackburn on his Top Doctors profile.