What to know about bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder is a complex mental health condition characterised by extreme mood swings that include emotional highs, known as mania or hypomania, and lows, or depression. These shifts in mood can significantly affect a person's ability to function in daily life.

People with bipolar disorder often experience periods of intense energy, activity, and euphoria during manic episodes, followed by feelings of hopelessness, fatigue, and sadness during depressive episodes. These mood changes are more severe than typical mood fluctuations and can last for days, weeks, or even months.

Types of bipolar disorder

There are several types of bipolar disorder, each with its own set of symptoms. Bipolar I disorder is defined by episodes of full-blown mania lasting at least a week, which may be severe enough to require hospitalisation. Bipolar II disorder involves hypomania, which is a milder form of mania, paired with major depressive episodes.

Cyclothymic disorder is characterised by chronic, fluctuating mood swings that are less severe but more persistent. These mood patterns often continue for at least two years in adults or one year in children and adolescents. Regardless of the type, bipolar disorder significantly impacts relationships, work, and overall quality of life.

Treatment

Effective treatment for bipolar disorder often includes a combination of medication, therapy, and lifestyle adjustments. Mood stabilisers, such as lithium, and antipsychotic medications are commonly prescribed to help manage the extreme highs and lows. In some cases, antidepressants may be used during depressive episodes, but these are typically combined with other medications to prevent triggering a manic episode.

Psychotherapy, including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), can help individuals develop coping strategies, understand their condition, and recognise early signs of mood changes. Additionally, maintaining a stable routine, getting regular exercise, and ensuring adequate sleep are crucial in managing symptoms.

Bipolar disorder is a lifelong condition, but with the right treatment plan, many people are able to manage their symptoms and lead fulfilling lives. Early diagnosis and continuous care are key to reducing the severity of mood swings and improving long-term outcomes.