A comprehensive guide to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
Written by:
Published: 06/06/2024
Edited by: Carlota Pano
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder that can have a significant impact on women’s reproductive health and wellbeing.
Here, Ms Roopa Navani, renowned consultant gynaecologist, offers an expert insight into PCOS, discussing its complexities, impact on health, and effective management strategies.
What is PCOS?
PCOS is a hormonal disorder that affects the ovaries, which are the reproductive organs responsible for ovulation and hormone production.
Women with PCOS typically have an imbalance in their reproductive hormones, including elevated levels of androgens (male hormones) such as testosterone. This hormone imbalance can disrupt the menstrual cycle and lead to the formation of small fluid-filled sacs called cysts on the ovaries, hence the name.
PCOS can lead to various complications, including infertility, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and various cardiovascular diseases.
What are the common signs of PCOS?
PCOS can cause a variety of signs and symptoms, which may vary in severity among affected women. Common signs of PCOS include:
irregular menstrual cycles hirsutism (excessive hair growth on the face, chest, back, or other areas of the body) persistent acne male pattern baldness (thinning hair or hair loss on the scalp) unexplained weight gain or difficulty losing weight darkening of the skin, especially in skin folds infertility
How is PCOS diagnosed?
Diagnosing PCOS can be complex due to its varied symptoms and the absence of a single definitive test. Specialists typically use a combination of:
Medical history and a physical examination: The specialist will ask about symptoms, menstrual history, and family history of PCOS or related conditions. A physical examination will also be conducted to check for signs such as excess hair growth or acne. Blood tests: Blood tests may include hormone level measurements, such as testosterone, luteinising hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and insulin. Elevated levels of these hormones can indicate PCOS. Pelvic ultrasound: A pelvic ultrasound is an imaging test that can help to visualise the ovaries and detect any cysts or other abnormalities.
This multifaceted approach to the diagnosis of PCOS ensures a comprehensive assessment of the patient's condition.
What are the treatment options for PCOS?
Treating PCOS involves a comprehensive approach tailored to manage symptoms, address underlying hormonal imbalances, and reduce the risk of long-term complications. Treatment plans are highly individualised. Here’s an overview of the main treatment options for PCOS:
Medications: Medications are often prescribed to address specific symptoms and underlying hormonal imbalances associated with PCOS. These may include combined oral contraceptives containing oestrogen and progestin to help regulate menstrual cycles, reduce androgen levels, and manage symptoms like acne and hirsutism. Fertility treatments: For women with PCOS who are trying to conceive, fertility treatments may be necessary to induce ovulation, including injectable Gonadotropins and assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) such as in vitro fertilisation (IVF). Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be considered for women with PCOS, particularly when other treatments have not been successful.
In addition to overall treatment, addressing specific PCOS symptoms like acne and hair loss can significantly improve quality of life.
Are there any lifestyle changes I should also make?
Lifestyle modifications are a cornerstone in the management of PCOS. Here’s a look at some of the lifestyle changes that can help manage PCOS effectively:
A balanced, nutritious diet: Eating a well-balanced diet plays a crucial role in managing PCOS, helping to regulate insulin levels and promoting weight management. It’s recommended to eat whole grains, a variety of colourful fruits and vegetables, lean proteins, healthy fats, and omega-3 rich foods. Regular physical activity: Regular exercise is essential for managing PCOS, helping to enhance overall wellbeing. It’s recommended to practise moderate-intensity aerobic activities and strength training exercises. Regular, consistent exercise is also more beneficial than sporadic, intense workouts. Weight management: Losing even a small amount of weight (5-10% of body weight) can significantly improve symptoms and reduce health risks. It’s recommended to consider consulting a registered dietitian to create a personalised weight management plan that focuses on making gradual, sustainable changes to diet and exercise habits. Stress management: Chronic stress can exacerbate PCOS symptoms and disrupt hormonal balance, so implementing effective stress management strategies is important for overall health. It’s recommended to practise mindfulness meditation, deep breathing exercises, or progressive muscle relaxation to help reduce stress levels. A balanced approach to work, leisure, and family time should also be strived for.
How often should I have follow-up appointments to monitor my PCOS?
Regular follow-up appointments are essential for monitoring PCOS and adjusting treatment as needed. The frequency of these appointments may vary depending on individual circumstances and treatment plan, but they are typically recommended at least once or twice a year.
During these appointments, the specialist will assess the patient’s symptoms, review any changes in their medical history, and perform necessary tests to monitor their hormonal levels and overall health. The specialist can also provide guidance on lifestyle modifications, address any concerns or questions, and ensure that the patient is receiving the most appropriate care for their condition.
If you would like to schedule an appointment with Ms Roopa Navani, head on over to her Top Doctors profile today.