Common complications of atrial fibrillation - and the risk of developing further conditions
Written in association with:
Published: 16/12/2024
Edited by: Karolyn Judge
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common heart condition that manifests with an irregular and often rapid heartbeat. It may initially seem manageable, but it’s important to understand the potential complications that can arise if it’s left untreated or poorly controlled. Recognising these risks can help you take proactive measures to protect your long-term health.
What complications can arise from atrial fibrillation?
Atrial fibrillation disrupts the heart's normal rhythm, affecting blood flow and increasing the risk of further health issues. The most common complications include:
Stroke:AF increases the risk of stroke. This is because the irregular heartbeat can lead to blood pooling in the atria, forming clots. If a clot travels to the brain, it can block blood flow and cause a stroke. Patients with AF are up to five times more likely to have a stroke than those without the condition. Heart failure:
AF can weaken the heart’s ability to pump blood efficiently, leading to heart failure. This occurs when the heart cannot meet the body’s demands, causing symptoms like shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling in the legs. Cognitive decline and dementia:
Research suggests that AF may increase the risk of cognitive impairment and dementia. Reduced blood flow to the brain and the formation of small clots could contribute to these conditions over time. Blood clots in other parts of the body:
Clots can travel to other areas, such as the lungs (causing a pulmonary embolism) or limbs, resulting in serious complications. Chronic fatigue:
Persistent fatigue is a common symptom of AF, as the heart struggles to maintain adequate circulation during physical activity - or even at rest.
How can these complications be prevented?
Managing atrial fibrillation effectively is essential in reducing the risk of complications. Prevention strategies include:
Medications: Anticoagulants: Blood-thinning medications such as warfarin or newer drugs like rivaroxaban can help to prevent clot formation. Rate or rhythm control drugs: Beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers or anti-arrhythmic medications can regulate your heartbeat. Lifestyle changes: Maintaining a healthy weight and diet. Reducing alcohol intake and quitting smoking. Managing other conditions like high blood pressure or diabetes. Procedures: Cardioversion: A treatment to restore the heart's normal rhythm using electrical shocks or medications. Ablation therapy: This minimally invasive procedure targets areas of the heart causing irregular rhythms. Left atrial appendage closure: A device-based treatment to reduce stroke risk in patients who cannot take anticoagulants.
Why should you seek early treatment for atrial fibrillation?
Early diagnosis and treatment of atrial fibrillation significantly reduce the risk of developing these complications. Regular monitoring, adherence to treatment plans, and a heart-healthy lifestyle are crucial for managing AF effectively. If you have symptoms like palpitations, chest discomfort, or fatigue, consult a cardiologist promptly. Awareness and proactive care are the best defences against the long-term consequences of atrial fibrillation.