Gallstone surgery explained: What you need to know
Written in association with:
Surgeon
Published: 09/01/2025
Edited by: Karolyn Judge
Gallstones are hardened deposits of bile that form in the gallbladder and can cause severe abdominal pain, nausea, or complications like inflammation and infection. When gallstones cause recurrent symptoms or complications, surgery is often recommended. Understanding the surgical options available and what the procedure entails can help patients prepare for treatment and recovery.
What are gallstones, and when is surgery necessary?
Gallstones vary in size and composition, and many people with gallstones experience no symptoms. However, surgery is typically recommended when:
Gallstones block the bile ducts, causing biliary colic (sharp pain in the upper abdomen). There’s a risk of complications such as gallbladder inflammation (cholecystitis) or infection. Gallstones lead to pancreatitis or jaundice. Symptoms like nausea, bloating, or indigestion become persistent and affect quality of life.
What are the surgical options for gallstone removal?
The most common surgical procedure for gallstones is cholecystectomy, which involves the removal of the gallbladder. There are two main approaches:
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (keyhole surgery): This minimally invasive surgery is performed using small incisions through which a camera and surgical tools are inserted. Benefits include shorter recovery time, minimal scarring, and reduced post-operative pain. Most patients go home the same day or within 24 hours. Open cholecystectomy: This is a more invasive procedure involving a larger incision in the abdomen. It is usually reserved for cases with complications, such as severe inflammation or infection, or when laparoscopic surgery is not feasible. Recovery may take longer, typically 4 to 6 weeks.
What happens during gallstone surgery?
The patient is placed under general anaesthesia. In laparoscopic surgery, three to four small incisions are made to access and remove the gallbladder. The bile duct and surrounding area are checked for additional stones or complications. In open surgery, a single larger incision is made to remove the gallbladder.
The body can function without the gallbladder, as bile will flow directly from the liver to the small intestine.
What is recovery like after gallstone surgery?
Laparoscopic surgery: Most patients resume normal activities within a week and experience minimal discomfort. Open surgery: Recovery takes longer, and patients may need to limit physical activity for several weeks.
Common post-operative advice includes:
Eating smaller, low-fat meals to aid digestion while the body adjusts. Avoiding heavy lifting or strenuous activity for a short period. Attending follow-up appointments to monitor healing.
Are there risks associated with gallstone surgery?
As with any surgical procedure, gallstone surgery carries some risks, including:
Bleeding or infection at the surgical site. Injury to the bile ducts or nearby organs. Persistent digestive issues, such as diarrhoea or bloating.
However, these risks are rare, and most patients experience significant relief from gallstone-related symptoms after surgery.
Is gallstone surgery worth it?
For individuals suffering from severe or recurrent gallstone symptoms, surgery is often the best solution to prevent complications and improve quality of life. Patients should consult with their surgeon to discuss the best approach based on their health, symptoms and medical history. With modern surgical techniques, most people recover quickly and return to their normal routines with minimal disruption.