Coronary angioplasty

What is a coronary angioplasty?

Coronary angioplasty is an endovascular procedure to improve blood flow to the heart by dilating arteries with balloons and stents (metal scaffolds).

Over time, fat-laden plaques tend to build up within the blood vessels, narrowing and hardening the arteries. A coronary angioplasty can help improve blood circulation to the heart whenever your arteries are too narrow or too obstructed due to coronary heart disease.

What is a coronary angioplasty for?

Coronary angioplasty can be done to:

reduce the symptoms of coronary heart disease (angina and breathing problems); prevent damage to the cardiac muscle, caused by heart attacks; increase the life expectancy of people with heart conditions, and; improve weakened heart muscle caused by limited blood flow.

What does coronary angioplasty involve?

This procedure is less invasive than traditional coronary artery bypass graft surgery. It doesn't involve incisions or general anaesthetic, and recovery is quicker when compared to other surgeries.

Before doing an coronary angioplasty, you will need to have coronary angiography to determine exactly where the problem lies. This is often done in the same sitting as the coronary angioplasty itself. Local anaesthetic is used along with a sedative, so during the coronary angiography you will be awake. The whole procedure lasts between 30 minutes and two hours. In less than 90 per cent of cases, the coronary angioplasty procedure is performed via a small artery in the right wrist but rarely the tube is placed in a larger artery in the groin.

An introducer sheath is inserted into artery in the wrist (or groin). Through this introducer sheath, long catheters are passed up to the heart and dye is injected through the catheters into the coronary arteries to perform the coronary angiography first. If a narrowing is found, then an angioplasty can be performed at the same sitting or a later date.

The angioplasty is performed by passing a small wire across the narrowing and dilating the narrowing with balloons and stents thus restoring normal blood flow.

The risks of a serious complication caused by the coronary angioplasty procedure are low at less than 1 in 500. Serious complications include a heart attack, stroke, damage to the kidneys, bleeding or damage to the blood vessels requiring emergency surgery.

Post-operative progress

After an angioplasty, the recovery is relatively quick. Usually you go home the same day but occasionally, you may be in hospital overnight. After that, you’ll need to take some antiplatelet agents (such as aspirin) to avoid the risk of clots forming in the arteries.

Other treatment options

If you have obstructed or narrow arteries, other treatment options away from coronary angioplasty include optimising your tablet therapy and coronary artery bypass graft surgery.