An expert’s guide to abdominal pain

Abdominal pain, often referred to as a stomach ache, is a common symptom experienced by people of all ages. It can range from mild discomfort to severe pain and may arise from various conditions affecting the organs within the abdomen. We speak to a leading general & upper gastrointestinal surgeon who explains the potential causes and relief options.

What causes abdominal pain?

Abdominal pain may stem from digestive issues, such as indigestion or bloating, infections like gastroenteritis (stomach flu), or more serious conditions such as appendicitis or gallstones. The pain can also be due to issues outside the digestive system, such as urinary tract infections (UTIs) or gynaecological conditions like endometriosis. Its nature—whether sharp, cramping, or dull—can provide clues to its origin.

When should you be concerned?

Not all abdominal pain requires immediate medical attention, but certain signs should not be ignored. If the pain is severe, sudden, or accompanied by symptoms such as fever, persistent vomiting, blood in the stool, or jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), it may indicate a more serious condition.

Persistent or recurring pain that interferes with your daily life also warrants professional evaluation. Additionally, abdominal pain during pregnancy should always be assessed promptly, as it may indicate complications affecting either the mother or the baby.

How can pain location help determine the cause?

The location of abdominal pain often gives valuable insight into its cause. For example, pain in the lower right abdomen might suggest appendicitis, particularly if it worsens over time. Upper right abdominal pain could be due to gallbladder issues, such as gallstones.

Pain in the upper middle region, just beneath the ribcage, is often associated with gastritis (inflammation of the stomach lining) or peptic ulcers. Meanwhile, pain on the lower left side might suggest diverticulitis, a condition where small pouches in the colon become inflamed. Generalised pain, which affects the entire abdomen, could point to conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or a viral infection.

How Is abdominal pain diagnosed?

If you visit a healthcare provider for abdominal pain, they will typically begin with a thorough history and physical examination. You may be asked about the onset, duration, and nature of the pain, as well as any associated symptoms. This information will help the doctor to determine potential causes.

Further tests, such as blood tests, urine tests, or imaging studies like ultrasound or CT scans, may be recommended to confirm a diagnosis. For example, blood tests might identify infections or signs of inflammation, while an ultrasound can visualise gallstones or ovarian cysts.

What can you do to relieve abdominal pain?

For mild abdominal pain caused by indigestion or gas, simple measures like resting, staying hydrated, or using over-the-counter antacids may help. Applying a warm compress to the abdomen can also ease cramping. However, avoid self-medicating if the cause of the pain is unclear, as some treatments might worsen certain conditions.

Always consult a specialist if you're unsure about your symptoms or if your pain persists. Early intervention can often prevent minor issues from developing into more serious conditions.