The key aspects of bowel cancer

Bowel cancer, also known as colorectal cancer, is a common yet serious condition that affects the large intestine and rectum. Understanding its symptoms, potential risk factors, and the role of diet in prevention is key to early detection and improved outcomes.

Professor Lee Dvorkin, in collaboration with his colleague Mrs Sian Shepherd, explores the warning signs of bowel cancer, how dietary choices can influence risk, and the available treatment options for those affected by the disease.

What is bowel cancer?

Bowel cancer is a malignant tumour that occurs in the large intestine (colon) or rectum. It is the fourth most common cancer in the UK, with over 41,000 new cases diagnosed annually. While bowel cancer is most prevalent in people over 60, it is rare in individuals under 40. Early detection significantly improves survival rates, with a 93% chance of survival when caught early. However, if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, few survive beyond five years. Most cases arise from polyps—small growths in the bowel—that, if left untreated, can progress to cancer.

What are the principal symptoms of cancer?

The symptoms of bowel cancer can vary and may include:

• Diarrhoea or loose stools lasting more than 3 weeks.
• Blood in the stool.
• Unexplained weight loss.
• Some cancers may cause bleeding, leading to anaemia, which can result in fatigue and shortness of breath.

If you experience any of these symptoms, it is crucial to consult a bowel specialist for further evaluation.

What is the link between diet and the risk of bowel cancer?

Age is the most significant risk factor for bowel cancer, with over 80% of cases diagnosed in people aged 60 or older. The risk also increases if there is a family history of bowel cancer.

Certain medical conditions increase the risk of bowel cancer, including ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s Disease and diabetes.

Evidence from The World Cancer Research Fund shows that:

• Being physically active reduces the risk of colon cancer.
• Eating wholegrains lowers the risk of colorectal cancer.
• Consuming foods high in dietary fibre decreases the risk of colorectal cancer.
• Eating dairy products reduces the risk of colorectal cancer.
• Taking calcium supplements lowers the risk of colorectal cancer.
• Eating red meat increases the risk of colorectal cancer.
• Consuming processed meats like bacon, ham, and salami raises the risk of colorectal cancer.
• Drinking two or more alcoholic beverages per day raises the risk of colorectal cancer.
• Being overweight or obese increases the risk of colorectal cancer.

How can bowel cancer be treated?

The primary treatment for bowel cancer is surgery to remove the tumour. Today, most surgeries are performed using keyhole techniques, with patients usually spending less than a week in the hospital. In many cases, surgery is the only treatment needed. However, if the cancer is more advanced, chemotherapy may be recommended and can last up to six months. Surgery can also be used to remove cancer that has spread to the liver or lungs, though this isn’t always feasible.

After surgery, your digestion may take time to return to normal. Common issues include loose stools, diarrhoea, and an increased urgency to use the toilet more frequently.

A high-protein, high-energy diet is essential for a good recovery, and any dietary concerns should be addressed as they arise. If radiotherapy or chemotherapy is needed, it may cause nausea, loss of appetite, weight loss, changes in taste, or bowel irregularities. A registered dietitian can offer dietary advice to help manage these symptoms during treatment.

If you are interested in learning more, I recommend the following resources:

• Be.macmillan: Booklets and fact sheets
• World Cancer Research Fund: Resources on diet
• Cancer Research UK: Including cancer food myths

If you are concerned about bowel cancer and would like to book a consultation with Dr Dvorkin, do not hesitate to do so by visiting his Top Doctors profile today.

References

• Cancer Research UK: Bowel cancer statistics
• Cancer Research UK: Statistics and outlook for bowel cancer