An introduction to cornea transplant surgery

A cornea transplant, also known as keratoplasty, is a surgical procedure designed to replace part or all of a damaged cornea with healthy donor tissue. The cornea, the transparent, dome-shaped surface of the eye, plays a crucial role in focusing light and ensuring clear vision.

When the cornea becomes cloudy or scarred, vision can be significantly impaired. Undergoing a cornea transplant can restore sight, alleviate pain, and improve the appearance of a damaged or diseased cornea. Leading consultant ophthalmologist Mr Adam Bates explores the procedure.

What are the common reasons for needing a cornea transplant?

There are several reasons why someone might need a cornea transplant. Keratoconus, for instance, is a condition where the cornea thins and takes on a cone shape, leading to distorted vision. Fuchs’ dystrophy, an inherited condition, results in the gradual deterioration of the inner layer of the cornea, causing vision loss over time.

Corneal scarring, which may arise from infections, injuries, or previous eye surgeries, can make the cornea opaque. Corneal swelling, or oedema, can occur due to previous eye surgery, trauma, or other diseases, resulting in blurred vision. Severe infections, such as herpes simplex keratitis, can also cause significant damage to the cornea, necessitating a transplant.

What should I expect during the surgery?

Cornea transplant surgery is usually done on an outpatient basis, allowing you to go home the same day. You'll receive a local anaesthetic to numb your eye, though sometimes a general anaesthetic is used. Make sure to have someone available to drive you home after the procedure. During the surgery, the damaged part of your cornea will be removed and replaced with a clear, healthy donor cornea.

The type of transplant—either penetrating keratoplasty (full-thickness) or lamellar keratoplasty (partial-thickness)—depends on the damage's extent. The operation typically lasts about 1-2 hours, and afterward, a protective shield will be placed over your eye.

Important aftercare tips

It is necessary to follow appropriate aftercare for a successful recovery. Regular follow-up appointments with your ophthalmologist are essential to monitor the healing process and check for any complications. You will be prescribed eye drops to prevent infection and reduce inflammation, and it’s vital to use them as directed. Protect your eye by avoiding rubbing it and wearing an eye shield, especially while sleeping. Refrain from heavy lifting and strenuous activities until your doctor gives you the go-ahead, as these activities can increase pressure in your eye and affect healing.

Be alert for signs of complications, such as severe pain, sudden vision loss, increased redness, or discharge from the eye, and contact your doctor immediately if you experience any of these symptoms. Healing from a cornea transplant can take several months, and while your vision might be blurry initially, it should gradually improve as your eye heals.

Understanding what a cornea transplant involves and following your doctor's advice diligently can significantly enhance the success rate of the surgery, leading to a marked improvement in your vision and quality of life.

If you would like to book a consultation with Mr Bates, do not hesitate to do so by visiting his Top Doctors profile today.