Scrotal swelling in children: what are the causes?

Written in association with: Miss Marie-Klaire Farrugia
Published:
Edited by: Emma McLeod

Scrotal swellings can occur at any age, even during childhood. Miss Marie-Klaire Farrugia, a leading paediatric urologist, clarifies the causes of scrotal swelling and explains when medical advice could be urgent, as well as providing treatment information.

A young boy of about five years old is crying. He is being carried by his father. Any child with a sign of scrotal swelling should be taken to a paediatric urologist as soon as possible.

 

What is scrotal swelling in children?

Scrotal swelling is when the scrotal sack, which houses a male’s testes, becomes swollen, discoloured or painful. It can happen at any age and has various potential causes.

 

The "scrotum" houses the testes and its structures. Any swelling of the scrotum may be related to any of these following structures.

  • The testes themselves
  • The epididymis, which is attached to the testes and will store sperm in the future.
  • Arteries and veins.
  • The "tunica". This is a membrane in which the testes sit.
  • In young boys, there may also be a "patent processus vaginalis" (PPV), which is like a "channel” through which the testes descend into the scrotum during development.

 

What are the possible causes of scrotal swelling in kids?

Common causes are:

  • hernias (bowel entering the scrotum through the PPV)
  • hydroceles (a fluid collection
  • varicocele (swelling of the veins around the testis)

Less commonly:

  • twisting (clinically referred to torsion) of a testis or a small cyst related to the testis (clinically called a torted hydatid)
  • infection
  • an epididymal cyst (a sac of fluid that grows in the epididymis, which is the structure that will store sperm after puberty)

Very rarely:

  • a tumour
  • any lesion from an injury, such as a haematoma (collection of blood)

 

Is there a difference between painless and painful scrotal swelling, such as different causes?

Yes. Painful swelling may be an emergency and ought to be seen by a doctor as soon as it arises. Painful causes that need urgent management are a testicular torsion or a hernia which has become "stuck".

 

Painless causes, such as a hydrocoele, varicocele or cyst are less urgent but still ought to be assessed.

 

What additional symptoms should I watch out for?

You should watch for redness and tenderness over the area. These are a sign of an urgent problem

 

How is scrotal swelling treated in children?

This will depend on the cause.

  • Hydrocoeles often resolve spontaneously by the time the child is 3 years of age. If it hasn't resolved, it can be fixed by a straight-forward surgical procedure after that age.
  • Hernias do not resolve spontaneously and will require surgery at any age. Large or painful hernias ought to be fixed as soon as possible.
  • Testicular torsion is an emergency. Studies have shown that surgery should be performed within 6 hours of the onset of symptoms, in order to salvage the twisted testis.
  • The remainder of the causes will need a consultation as they may require observation rather than immediate surgery.

 

Are there any complications of scrotal swelling if it goes untreated?

The main learning point here is never to leave suddenly painful and/or red and swollen scrotal swellings untreated. This is because the cause may be a twisted testis, which could be lost if not operated on within 6 hours; or a stuck hernia, which could result in the bowel being damaged if not treated within a few hours.

 

Miss Marie-Klaire Farrugia specialises in all areas of kidney, bladder and genital anomalies that babies are born with or that develop later in childhood. Visit her profile to learn how she can help your child.

By Miss Marie-Klaire Farrugia
Paediatric urology

Miss Marie-Klaire Farrugia is a consultant paediatric urologist and paediatric and neonatal surgeon based at Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and the Cromwell Hospital in central London. She specialises in all areas of kidney, bladder and genital anomalies that babies are born with or develop later in childhood. In particular, she counsels pregnant mothers whose babies are prenatally-diagnosed with a kidney condition, so that the best postnatal plan can be made for the newborn.

Miss Marie-Klaire Farrugia is the clinical lead for paediatric surgery in Chelsea and Westminster and Imperial College Hospitals; an honorary senior lecturer at Imperial College; an assistant editor for the Journal of Pediatric Urology. Her research interests include the long-term outcome of prenatally-diagnosed urological problems such as hydronephrosis, megaureter, posterior urethral valves and vesicoureteric reflux (VUR). She is an experienced open, laparoscopic and robotic surgeon and performs neonatal and childhood circumcision; repair of simple and complex hypospadias including staged graft repairs; hernia and hydrocoele repairs; surgery for undescended testes; pyeloplasty; ureteric reimplantation; surgery on duplex kidneys and ureterocoeles; posterior urethral valves; nephrectomy and hemi-nephrectomy; Deflux injection for kidney reflux with urine infections; amongst others.

Miss Farrugia is an executive member of the Society for Fetal Urology and a member of the British Association of Paediatric Urologists, the European Society for Paediatric Urology, the European Paediatric Surgery Association, the American Association of Pediatric Urologists and the Societies for Pediatric Urology.

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