Degenerative disc disease: all you need to know

Degenerative disc disease (DDD) refers to the gradual breakdown of the intervertebral discs in the spine due to aging or injury. Despite its name, DDD is not actually a disease but a condition that results from wear and tear on the discs, which act as cushions between the vertebrae. Over time, these discs lose water content, elasticity, and their ability to absorb shock, leading to pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility.

Causes and risk factors

Ageing is the primary cause of degenerative disc disease. As we age, the discs between the vertebrae dry out, become less flexible, and begin to deteriorate. Other contributing factors include genetics, repetitive stress on the spine (from activities such as lifting, bending, or twisting), trauma or injury to the back, and smoking, which reduces blood supply to the discs. Obesity can also add extra strain on the spine, accelerating disc degeneration.

Symptoms

The hallmark symptom of DDD is chronic back or neck pain, which may radiate to other areas, such as the buttocks, hips, or legs. Pain may intensify with physical activity or prolonged sitting, and sufferers may experience numbness or tingling due to nerve compression.

Reduced flexibility and range of motion in the spine are also common. For some, the condition remains mild, while others experience significant pain and disability.

Diagnosis and treatment

Diagnosing DDD typically involves a physical exam and imaging tests like X-rays, MRI, or CT scans. Treatment is focused on pain management and improving mobility. Conservative treatments include physical therapy, anti-inflammatory medications, and lifestyle changes such as exercise and weight loss. For more severe cases, doctors may recommend steroid injections, spinal decompression, or surgery, such as a discectomy or spinal fusion.

Prevention and outlook

While age-related disc degeneration can't be completely prevented, maintaining a healthy weight, practicing good posture, avoiding smoking, and staying physically active can reduce the risk of DDD. For most, symptoms improve with non-surgical treatments, though severe cases may require surgical intervention.