A comprehensive overview of melanoma

In this article below, revered consultant plastic, reconstructive, and burns surgeon, Mr Jonathan Cubitt, provides all the important nuggets of information in relation to melanoma.

What is melanoma?

Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that originates in melanocytes, the cells responsible for producing melanin, the pigment that gives skin its colour. While melanoma accounts for a small percentage of skin cancer cases, it is considered the deadliest form due to its ability to metastasise, or spread, to other parts of the body if not detected and treated early.

What are the associated risk factors?

One of the primary risk factors for melanoma is exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight or tanning beds. Prolonged or intense UV exposure can damage the DNA in skin cells, increasing the risk of abnormal cell growth and the development of melanoma.

Other risk factors for melanoma include having fair skin, a history of sunburns, a family history of melanoma, and a weakened immune system.

Which body parts does melanoma normally affect?

Melanoma can develop anywhere on the body, but it most commonly occurs on areas exposed to the sun, such as the face, neck, chest, arms, and legs. It can also occur in areas that receive little sun exposure, such as the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, and under the nails.

Melanoma typically presents as a new mole or a change in an existing mole, with warning signs such as asymmetry, irregular borders, uneven coloration, large diameter, and evolving size, shape, or colour.

How is melanoma detected?

Early detection of melanoma is critical for successful treatment and improved outcomes. Dermatologists recommend performing regular skin self-exams to monitor for changes in moles or the appearance of new growths.

Suspicious lesions should be promptly evaluated by a healthcare provider, who may perform a skin biopsy to confirm the diagnosis of melanoma.

How is melanoma treated?

Treatment for melanoma depends on various factors, including the stage of the cancer, the location and size of the tumour, and the patient's overall health. Surgical excision is the primary treatment for early-stage melanoma, where the tumour and surrounding tissue are removed to prevent further spread.

In cases where melanoma has spread to other parts of the body, treatment may include chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, or radiation therapy to target and destroy cancer cells.

How can melanoma be prevented?

Prevention is key to reducing the risk of melanoma and other types of skin cancer. Practicing sun safety measures, such as wearing sunscreen with a high SPF, seeking shade, wearing protective clothing, and avoiding indoor tanning, can help minimise UV exposure and reduce the risk of developing melanoma. Additionally, regular skin screenings and self-exams can aid in early detection and prompt treatment of melanoma, improving outcomes and saving lives.

To book an appointment with Mr Jonathan Cubitt today, head on over to his Top Doctors profile.