A guide to managing IBD

Here, esteemed consultant gastroenterologist, Dr Farooq Rahman, discusses inflammatory bowel disease at length, including how the common condition is effectively managed. 

What is IBD?

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) refers to a group of chronic inflammatory conditions that affect the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The two main types of IBD are Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. While both conditions cause inflammation of the digestive tract, they differ in the areas they affect.

Crohn's disease can impact any part of the GI tract, from the mouth to the anus, but most commonly affects the end of the small intestine and the beginning of the colon. Ulcerative colitis, on the other hand, is limited to the colon and rectum, primarily affecting the innermost lining of the colon.

Causes

The exact cause of IBD remains unclear, but research suggests that it results from a combination of genetic, environmental, and immune system factors. In people with IBD, the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in the digestive tract, causing inflammation.

Genetics play a significant role, as individuals with a family history of IBD are at a higher risk of developing the condition. Additionally, environmental factors such as diet, stress, smoking, and infections can trigger or worsen symptoms.

Symptoms

Symptoms of IBD can vary depending on the severity of the inflammation and the part of the digestive system affected. Common symptoms include persistent diarrhoea, abdominal pain and cramping, blood in the stool, fatigue, and unintended weight loss. These symptoms can fluctuate, with periods of flare-ups, where symptoms are more intense, and remission, when symptoms ease or disappear.

Treatment

Although there is no cure for IBD, several treatment options can help manage the condition and improve the quality of life for patients. Medications, such as anti-inflammatory drugs, immunosuppressants, and biologics, are commonly used to reduce inflammation and control symptoms. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged portions of the intestines, particularly in severe cases of Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis.

Lifestyle modifications, including maintaining a healthy diet, managing stress, and avoiding smoking, can also help control symptoms and prevent flare-ups. Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider are essential for monitoring the disease and adjusting treatment plans as needed. With proper management, individuals with IBD can lead fulfilling lives.