All about gynaecological cancer

Gynaecological cancer, affecting the reproductive organs exclusive to individuals assigned female at birth, encompasses a range of malignancies including those of the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, cervix, vagina, and vulva. Additionally, peritoneal cancer, affecting the abdominal lining, is grouped under gynaecological cancers due to its similarities to ovarian and tubal cancers. In her latest online article, Miss Nahid Gul gives us her insights.

Types of gynaecological cancer

Diverse in nature, gynaecological cancers vary based on the originating organ and tumour type. Uterine cancer ranks among the most common, affecting approximately 1 in 41 women in the UK, with around 10,000 new cases diagnosed annually. Ovarian, tubal, cervical, vulva, vaginal, and peritoneal cancers constitute the spectrum of gynaecological malignancies. Some cases may arise from genetic predispositions such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations or Lynch syndrome.

Causes and risk factors

The genesis of gynaecological cancer involves complex interplays of genetic and environmental factors. While ageing is a significant risk factor, lifestyle choices such as smoking and obesity can elevate susceptibility. Hormonal imbalances, particularly with unopposed oestrogen use, also contribute to certain types of gynaecological cancers. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, for instance, significantly heightens the risk of cervical cancer.

Symptoms

Symptoms of gynaecological cancer vary depending on the affected organ and the stage of the disease. Early signs may be subtle, including irregular bleeding, pelvic pain, or abnormal discharge. Postmenopausal bleeding warrants immediate medical attention, as it could indicate endometrial cancer. Other symptoms such as bloating, altered bowel habits, and persistent itching may signal advanced stages of certain gynaecological malignancies.

Treatment and prognosis

Successful treatment outcomes hinge on early detection and intervention. Surgical intervention remains a cornerstone, with procedures tailored to the specific cancer type and stage. For instance, uterine cancer often necessitates hysterectomy, while cervical cancer may be treated with excisional procedures for pre-cancerous lesions. Adjuvant therapies like chemotherapy and radiotherapy complement surgery in advanced cases, improving overall survival rates.

Rapid diagnosis services

Early diagnosis is pivotal in enhancing treatment efficacy and patient outcomes. Rapid diagnosis services play a crucial role in promptly evaluating symptoms and expediting necessary investigations. Education of patients and healthcare providers alike aids in recognising abnormal symptoms and seeking timely medical intervention. Utilising advanced diagnostic techniques such as ultrasound and biopsies, gynaecological cancers can be swiftly identified and managed.

Miss Nahid Gul is an esteemed consultant gynaecological, pelvic, robotic and laparoscopic surgeon. You can schedule an appointment with Miss Gul on her Top Doctors profile.