Allergic eye disease: causes, diagnosis, and treatment

In this article below, revered consultant ophthalmologist, Mr Saurabh Jain, provides us with an all-you-need-to-know guide about allergic eye disease.

What is allergic eye disease?

Allergic eye disease, also known as ocular allergy, is a common condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It occurs when the eyes react to allergens in the environment, leading to eye inflammation and discomfort. This condition can significantly impact daily life, causing symptoms like itching, redness, and watery eyes.

What are the main causes and triggers of allergic eye disease?

Allergic eye disease is primarily triggered by allergens such as pollen, dust mites, pet dander, mold, and certain chemicals. When these allergens come into contact with the eyes, they trigger an immune response. The immune system releases histamines and other chemicals to fight off the perceived threat, resulting in inflammation and typical allergy symptoms.

What are the different types of allergic eye disease?

There are several types of allergic eye diseases, each with its own characteristics:

1. Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC): This is the most common form and is associated with seasonal allergens like pollen. Symptoms typically flare up during the spring and fall.
2. Perennial allergic conjunctivitis (PAC): Unlike SAC, PAC occurs year-round and is usually triggered by indoor allergens such as dust mites and pet dander.
3. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC): This is a more severe, chronic form of allergic eye disease that mainly affects young males. It can cause intense itching, photophobia (light sensitivity), and a thick mucus discharge.
4. Atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC): This is another severe form that can occur in individuals with a history of atopic dermatitis. It can cause long-term damage to the cornea and conjunctiva if left untreated.

What are the associated symptoms?

Common symptoms of allergic eye disease include:

• Itching
• Redness
• Swelling
• Watery eyes
• Burning sensation
• Sensitivity to light
• Blurred vision (in severe cases)

How is allergic eye disease typically diagnosed?

Diagnosing allergic eye disease involves a thorough examination by an eye care professional. They may review your medical history, conduct a physical examination, and perform tests such as a slit-lamp examination to observe the eyes' structures. Allergy testing may also be recommended to identify specific triggers.

How is allergic eye disease treated and managed?

Effective management of allergic eye disease focuses on both relieving symptoms and preventing exposure to allergens. Key strategies include:

1. Avoiding allergens: Identifying and minimizing exposure to allergens is crucial. This may involve using air purifiers, keeping windows closed during high pollen seasons, and cleaning regularly to reduce dust and pet dander.
2. Medications: Over-the-counter antihistamine eye drops and oral antihistamines can help alleviate mild symptoms. For more severe cases, prescription medications such as corticosteroids and immunomodulatory drugs may be necessary.
3. Cold compresses: Applying cold compresses to the eyes can help reduce swelling and itching.
4. Artificial tears: These can provide relief by washing away allergens and keeping the eyes moist.

To book an appointment today with Mr Saurabh Jain, head over to his Top Doctors profile.