Dementia diagnosis: A guide for patients and families

Dementia is a complex syndrome affecting over 940,000 people in the UK. While a dementia diagnosis can feel overwhelming, it’s also the first step towards accessing the treatments, support, and resources needed.

This article provides an expert insight into dementia, discussing its early signs and how the syndrome is diagnosed.

What is dementia?

Dementia isn’t a single condition, but a syndrome (a term that describes a group of symptoms) associated with a decline in cognitive function. It affects memory, thinking, language, problem-solving, and even behaviour or personality.

While dementia mainly occurs in older adults, it’s not a normal part of ageing. Several conditions can cause dementia, many of which are associated with damage to brain cells, which affects their ability to communicate with each other.

What are the early signs/symptoms of dementia?

Early signs of dementia can be subtle and easy to overlook, especially in the beginning stages.

Memory loss, especially related to recent events or conversations, is often the first noticeable symptom. People with dementia may struggle to find the right words, repeat themselves frequently, or lose track of conversations.

Confusion about time or place is another sign. People with dementia may forget the day, date, or even get lost in a familiar environment. Decision-making and problem-solving skills often diminish, and everyday tasks (such as preparing a meal) become challenging.

Additionally, changes in mood or personality can also occur. For example, a typically outgoing person might become withdrawn, while someone who is usually mild-mannered might show increased irritability or anxiety.

These changes, combined with cognitive difficulties, can cause significant distress for both the patient and their loved ones.

How is dementia diagnosed?

The diagnostic process will begin with a consultation with a healthcare professional, such as a psychiatrist, in which the specialist will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms, family history, as well as any medication being taken. The specialist will also conduct a physical examination and ask family members or caregivers for their input.

The next step will involve cognitive testing to assess memory, problem-solving, attention, and language skills. These tests will help identify patterns of cognitive decline that may suggest dementia. Laboratory tests, including blood tests, will then follow to rule out other medical conditions that can mimic or contribute to dementia symptoms.

Imaging studies, such as CT or MRI scans, will often be used to check for changes in brain structure or function associated with different types of dementia. Advanced imaging techniques, such as PET scans, will provide even more detailed insights.

What happens after receiving a dementia diagnosis?

Receiving a dementia diagnosis is a life-changing event. Once a diagnosis is confirmed, the psychiatrist will work with the patient and their family to develop a personalised care plan. While there is currently no cure for most types of dementia, there are medications and therapies available to help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

For example, cholinesterase inhibitors like donepezil are commonly prescribed to enhance memory and thinking in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. NMDA receptor antagonists, such as memantine, can also help manage symptoms and slow their progression in some cases. Patients with vascular dementia may benefit from treatments focused on controlling cardiovascular risk factors like high blood pressure or diabetes.

Cognitive therapies, structured routines, and home adjustments are equally important. Support groups, community services, and organisations such as Age UK, are available to help patients and their families, providing invaluable resources, counselling, and practical assistance. Additionally, occupational therapy can also help patients maintain their independence for as long as possible.

Living with dementia requires adjustment, but with appropriate care, patients can continue to enjoy fulfilling lives, supported by their loved ones and wider community. If you or a loved one is experiencing symptoms associated with dementia, don’t delay seeking medical help.