Living with eczema: comprehensive insights for patients

Eczema, or atopic dermatitis, is a chronic skin condition characterised by inflamed, itchy, and often scaly patches of skin. Affecting millions globally, eczema can significantly impact daily life. Renowned consultant dermatologist Dr Sophie Gaikwad provides a comprehensive overview of eczema, covering its causes, professional treatment options, self-care strategies, and additional relevant information to effectively manage the condition.

What causes eczema?

The exact cause of eczema remains elusive, but it is widely believed to stem from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Individuals with a family history of eczema, asthma, or hay fever are more susceptible. Environmental triggers can include allergens such as pollen, pet dander, and dust mites, as well as irritants like soaps, detergents, and certain fabrics. Stress, extreme temperatures, and humidity can also exacerbate symptoms.

How to recognise symptoms

Eczema can manifest differently in each individual, but common symptoms include:

• Itchy skin: Persistent itching, which can be severe, often leading to scratching and further irritation.
• Red, inflamed patches: These can appear anywhere on the body but are commonly found on the hands, feet, face, neck, and the insides of the elbows and knees.
• Dry, scaly skin: Affected areas may become dry, flaky, and rough.
• Blisters or oozing: In some cases, eczema can cause small blisters that may ooze and form crusts.

Professional treatment options

If you suspect you have eczema, consulting a dermatologist is crucial for a proper diagnosis and tailored treatment plan. Professional treatment options include:

• Topical corticosteroids: Anti-inflammatory creams or ointments that reduce inflammation and itching. They should be used as prescribed to avoid potential side effects like skin thinning.
• Topical calcineurin inhibitors: Non-steroidal medications, such as tacrolimus and pimecrolimus, suitable for sensitive areas like the face and eyelids, and for long-term use.
• Phototherapy: Involves exposing the skin to controlled amounts of natural or artificial ultraviolet (UV) light, effective for moderate to severe eczema unresponsive to topical treatments.
• Systemic treatments: For severe cases, oral or injectable medications like corticosteroids, cyclosporine, or biologics (e.g., dupilumab) may be prescribed to reduce systemic inflammation.

Self-care options

Professional treatments are crucial, but self-care is equally important in managing eczema. Here are some strategies:

• Moisturise regularly: Use fragrance-free, hypoallergenic moisturisers several times a day, especially after bathing.
• Avoid triggers: Identify and avoid personal triggers, which may include specific foods, environmental factors, or stressors.
• Gentle skincare: Use mild, soap-free cleansers and lukewarm water for bathing. Avoid scrubbing your skin and pat it dry with a soft towel. It is recommended that you moisturise immediately after having a bath or shower.
• Wear comfortable clothing: Choose soft, breathable fabrics like cotton and avoid wool and synthetic materials that can irritate your skin.
• Manage stress: Stress can worsen eczema symptoms. Practise relaxation techniques such as yoga, meditation, or deep-breathing exercises.
• Stay cool: Overheating and sweating can trigger eczema flare-ups. Keep your living environment cool, wear loose-fitting clothes, and avoid hot showers.

Diet and lifestyle considerations

Diet and lifestyle can influence eczema. While there is no specific diet to cure eczema, some dietary changes may help:

• Anti-inflammatory foods: Incorporate foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids, such as fish, flaxseeds, and walnuts, which may help reduce inflammation.
• Avoid allergens: If certain foods trigger your eczema, such as dairy, nuts, or gluten, consider eliminating them from your diet.
• Stay hydrated: It is crucial to drink enough water in order to keep the skin hydrated from within.
• Regular exercise: Exercising regularly is an important contributing factor to help boost the skin, as it can boost your immune system and reduce stress.

When should I seek medical advice?

If your eczema is severe, persistent, or not responding to over-the-counter treatments, seek medical advice. Signs that require professional attention include:

• Intense itching: If itching disrupts your sleep or daily activities.
• Infection signs: If you notice yellow or honey-coloured crusting, increased redness, or pus-filled blisters, these may indicate an infection that requires medical treatment.
• Widespread rash: If the rash covers a large area of your body.

By understanding the causes, recognising symptoms, seeking appropriate professional treatment, and adopting effective self-care practices, you can manage eczema more effectively and improve your quality of life. If you have any concerns or need personalised advice, do not hesitate to reach out to a dermatologist.

If you would like to book a consultation with Dr Gaikwad, do not hesitate to do so by visiting her Top Doctors profile today