Premature menopause: Symptoms and management

Premature menopause occurs when a woman’s menstrual cycles stop before the age of 40. This can happen naturally or as a result of medical treatments or underlying conditions. The early loss of ovarian function can lead to significant hormonal changes, affecting both physical and emotional well-being.

What causes premature menopause?

Various factors can cause premature menopause. These include:

• Genetics – If you have a family history of early menopause, this can increase the likelihood of having an early menopause.
• Autoimmune diseases – Conditions such as thyroid disorders or lupus can affect ovarian function.
• Medical treatments – Chemotherapy, radiotherapy or surgical removal of the ovaries can induce early menopause.
• Chromosomal abnormalities – Conditions like Turner syndrome may lead to ovarian insufficiency.
• Unknown causes – In many cases, no clear reason is identified.

What are the symptoms?

The symptoms of premature menopause are similar to those of natural menopause but may be more sudden and severe. These include:

• Irregular or absent periods – The first sign is often a disruption in menstrual cycles.
• Hot flushes and night sweats – Sudden feelings of heat, especially at night.
• Mood changes – Increased risk of anxiety, depression or irritability.
• Vaginal dryness – Decreased oestrogen can cause discomfort during intercourse.
• Reduced fertility – Early menopause leads to difficulties in conceiving naturally.
• Bone loss – Lower oestrogen levels increase the risk of osteoporosis.

How is premature menopause managed?

Although premature menopause cannot be reversed, treatments can help manage symptoms and reduce long-term health risks.

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

• It helps to relieve symptoms such as hot flushes and vaginal dryness.
• HRT supports bone health. It can also reduce the risk of osteoporosis.
• Often recommended until the natural age of menopause to protect overall health.

Lifestyle modifications

• Healthy diet – A calcium and vitamin D-rich diet supports bone health.
• Regular exercise – Weight-bearing activities strengthen bones and improve mood.
• Managing stress – Mindfulness, therapy and relaxation techniques can help cope with emotional changes.

Alternative and supportive treatments

• Non-hormonal medications – Some antidepressants can help manage hot flushes.
• Lubricants and vaginal moisturisers – Reduce vaginal dryness and discomfort.
• Fertility options – Egg donation or IVF may be considered for those wishing to conceive.

Premature menopause can have a significant impact on a woman's health and quality of life. While it may be challenging, medical treatments, lifestyle adjustments and support strategies can help manage symptoms and reduce long-term health risks. Seeking medical advice early can provide the best options for maintaining overall well-being.