Signs of anaphylaxis in children and what to do

Anaphylaxis can be life-threatening, but there are precautions and quick treatment available to lessen the risk. Professor Adam Fox is paediatric allergist with expert advice about knowing the signs of anaphylaxis and what do to if you or someone you know suffers this dangerous allergic reaction.

What is anaphylaxis and is it common?

Anaphylaxis is a severe and potentially life-threatening allergic reaction but fortunately, it’s quite rare. It's incredibly important that the signs and symptoms of allergic reactions are picked up on rapidly because prompt treatment can greatly decrease risks to the child or adult and make a real difference regarding the outcome of the reaction.

What are the signs and symptoms?

Anaphylaxis typically involves symptoms in one of two different body systems. One of these being the respiratory system and the other being the cardiovascular system. However, most anaphylactic reactions will start with skin symptoms. These can be itchiness, hives (urticaria) and swelling (angioedema). In the case of children with food allergies, swelling from a reaction will typically be focused around the mouth. Following skin symptoms, you can often see developments of a runny nose and sneezing.

Issues regarding the respiratory system are more worrying because they cause difficulty in breathing, such as coughing, bronchospasms and wheezing. Cardiovascular symptoms generally involve a drop in blood pressure. This would usually manifest itself as dizziness, confusion and collapse.

What to do if a child has these signs

If there's even the slightest chance that a child has anaphylaxis, it’s advised to get them a dose of intramuscular adrenaline as soon as possible. I always advise patients, and parents of younger patients, to use adrenaline even in the case that they’re not sure if the symptoms are severe enough to warrant an injection. Many patients, if old enough, who suffer from severe allergies will be carrying adrenaline injectors such as an EpiPen, Jext or Emerade.

If a reaction occurs and the sufferer is on their own, the most important priority is to use their adrenaline injector first and then call for help second. If there is someone else present, they can call for help while the sufferer uses their injector.

Professor Adam Fox is one of the founding consultants of the children's allergy service at the world-renowned Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals. Visit his profile to read more about children's allergies and to book a consultation.