The most common questions about cataracts

Cataracts are a common eye condition that can significantly impact your vision and quality of life. It is essential to understand how cataracts may affect you and what to expect if you receive a diagnosis. Here, a leading opthalmologist addresses some of the most frequently asked questions about cataracts.

What is a cataract?

A cataract is a clouding of the eye's natural lens, which is located behind the iris and the pupil. In a healthy eye, the lens is clear, allowing light to pass through easily and enabling sharp, focused vision. When a cataract forms, it prevents light from passing through the lens as efficiently, which can cause blurred or foggy vision. Cataracts typically develop slowly over time and are especially common in older adults, though they can occasionally appear in younger people as well.

What are the principal causes of cataracts?

Cataracts are primarily caused by ageing. As we grow older, proteins in the lens can begin to break down and clump together, forming a cloudy area on the lens. Other factors that may contribute to the development of cataracts include long-term exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light, diabetes, smoking, and prolonged use of corticosteroid medications. Certain medical conditions and eye injuries can also increase the risk of cataracts developing at a younger age.

What are the signs and symptoms of cataracts?

Cataracts can present a variety of symptoms, depending on their stage. At the beginning, it may be difficult to notice any change in vision. However, as the cataract grows, common symptoms may include:

• Blurry or cloudy vision, like looking through a foggy window.
• Increased sensitivity to light, especially at night.
• Difficulty seeing at night or requiring brighter lights for reading and other activities.
• Colours appearing faded or yellowed.
• Double vision in one eye.

If you experience any of these symptoms, it is important to consult an eye care professional for an examination.

How are cataracts diagnosed?

Cataracts are diagnosed through a comprehensive eye exam. During this exam, your ophthalmologist will test your vision and dilate your pupils to examine the lens and other parts of the eye. They may use specialised instruments such as a slit-lamp, which helps them see the structures at the front of the eye, and a retinal exam to check for other eye conditions. If cataracts are detected, your eye doctor will discuss the options available for managing or treating them.

Who is at risk for developing cataracts?

While cataracts are more common among older adults, certain factors can increase the likelihood of developing cataracts at an earlier age. These risk factors include a family history of cataracts, prolonged exposure to sunlight, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and conditions like diabetes. People who take medications such as corticosteroids may also be at higher risk.

Can cataracts be prevented?

While there is no guaranteed way to prevent cataracts, certain lifestyle changes may reduce your risk or slow their progression. Wearing sunglasses that block UV rays can help protect your eyes from sun damage, which is a known risk factor. Maintaining a balanced diet rich in antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E, is thought to promote eye health. Additionally, avoiding smoking and managing chronic conditions like diabetes can lower your risk. Regular eye exams are also essential for early detection and can help you maintain optimal eye health as you age.

If you have concerns about cataracts or other eye health issues, consider scheduling a consultation with your eye care provider to discuss any questions and receive personalised advice.