Understanding shortness of breath: Causes, symptoms, and when to seek help

Shortness of breath, medically known as dyspnea, is a sensation of not being able to breathe comfortably or deeply enough. It can range from mild discomfort to a severe, overwhelming feeling of suffocation.

Occasional shortness of breath can happen after intense physical activity or in high altitudes, but when it occurs frequently or without a clear cause, it may signal an underlying health issue that requires attention.

Causes

Several factors can cause shortness of breath, with conditions affecting the heart and lungs being the most common. Cardiovascular issues such as heart failure, coronary artery disease, or arrhythmias can limit the heart's ability to pump blood efficiently, leading to a lack of oxygen in the body and breathlessness.

Lung-related conditions, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, and pulmonary embolism, can obstruct airways, reduce lung capacity, or impair oxygen exchange, causing difficulty in breathing.

Other causes of shortness of breath include anxiety, panic attacks, anaemia, and obesity. Anxiety and panic attacks can trigger hyperventilation, leading to a rapid breathing pattern that makes it difficult to get enough air.

Anaemia, characterised by low levels of red blood cells, reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, making everyday activities feel more strenuous. Obesity can also put extra pressure on the lungs and diaphragm, restricting the ability to take deep breaths.

When is shortness of breath an emergency?

In cases of sudden or severe shortness of breath, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. This could indicate a serious problem such as a heart attack, severe asthma attack, or blood clot in the lungs. Other warning signs that accompany shortness of breath, like chest pain, dizziness, confusion, or bluish lips, should also prompt urgent medical evaluation.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis typically involves physical examination, imaging tests (like chest X-rays or CT scans), and lung function or heart tests to identify the underlying cause. Treatments vary depending on the diagnosis, but they may include medications, oxygen therapy, lifestyle changes, or more advanced interventions for heart or lung diseases.

Management

Managing shortness of breath often involves treating the root cause, as well as making lifestyle adjustments, such as maintaining a healthy weight, quitting smoking, and practicing breathing exercises.