What are the latest treatment approaches for head and neck cancer?

Head and neck cancer includes a variety of malignancies affecting the throat, mouth, larynx, nose and sinuses. Advances in treatment have improved patient outcomes, focusing on personalised therapy, minimally invasive techniques and comprehensive care that aims to preserve function and quality of life.

What are the common treatment options?

The main treatments for head and neck cancer include surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Recent innovations have expanded these options. Robotic-assisted surgery, such as transoral robotic surgery (TORS), has transformed surgical treatment by allowing greater precision and minimal incisions. This results in quicker recovery and helps maintain speech and swallowing functions, particularly for cancers at the base of the tongue and in the throat.

Advanced radiotherapy techniques like intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and proton beam therapy target tumours with precision, protecting healthy tissue and reducing side effects such as dry mouth and swallowing difficulties. Immunotherapy has become essential for treating certain advanced cases, particularly those resistant to standard therapies. Drugs like pembrolizumab and nivolumab boost the immune system’s response to cancer cells and can extend survival in otherwise difficult cases.

Targeted therapy has also become more prominent. Cetuximab, for example, is a monoclonal antibody that blocks the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), commonly overexpressed in head and neck cancers. These therapies can be used alongside radiotherapy or chemotherapy to improve results. Combination treatments that integrate surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and new targeted drugs or immunotherapies are being explored to enhance outcomes in advanced stages.

What are the benefits of minimally invasive approaches?

Minimally invasive techniques such as robotic surgery and targeted radiotherapy are designed to reduce complications and preserve functions like speech, swallowing, and appearance. This is especially significant for head and neck cancer patients, as these areas are essential for identity and quality of life.

How does personalised treatment work?

An important trend in treatment is tailoring therapies to the tumour's genetic and molecular profile. Biomarker testing helps determine which treatments will be most effective for each patient, leading to better outcomes and fewer side effects.

Why is supportive care and rehabilitation important?

Effective cancer care extends beyond removing or shrinking the tumour. Rehabilitation specialists, speech therapists, and dieticians play crucial roles in helping patients regain function, maintain nutritional health, and manage long-term side effects such as speech issues or altered taste and smell.

Head and neck cancer treatment has evolved, offering more effective and less invasive options. Personalised treatment plans using targeted therapies and robotic surgery have improved patient outlooks. Early diagnosis is vital, so recognising symptoms like persistent hoarseness, throat pain, or a neck lump is essential. The expanding range of treatment options provides patients with better prospects for survival and quality of life.