What are the signs of nasal polyps?

Nasal polyps are a common condition that can affect anyone, though they often go unnoticed until they start to cause bothersome symptoms. These small, benign growths in the nasal passages can interfere with breathing and reduce your sense of smell. We speak to an esteemed ENT specialist who explores what nasal polyps are, what causes them, and how they can be managed to help you breathe more easily and improve your quality of life.

What are nasal polyps?

Nasal polyps are soft, non-cancerous growths that develop on the lining of your nasal passages or sinuses. They are usually painless and shaped like teardrops or grapes. Polyps are caused by chronic inflammation, which may result from allergies, asthma, infections, or other immune system issues. While they can affect anyone, nasal polyps are more common in adults and can sometimes interfere with your breathing or sense of smell.

What symptoms might you experience?

Symptoms of nasal polyps can vary depending on their size and location. Small polyps often go unnoticed, but larger ones can block the nasal passages, leading to persistent congestion or a "stuffy nose." You might also experience difficulty breathing through your nose, a reduced sense of smell or taste, facial pain or pressure, and a runny nose. In some cases, nasal polyps contribute to frequent sinus infections.

If you notice prolonged symptoms like these, it is worth consulting a doctor to determine the cause.

Why do nasal polyps form?

Nasal polyps develop when the nasal lining becomes chronically inflamed. This inflammation might be triggered by several underlying conditions, including allergies, asthma, chronic sinusitis (long-term sinus infections), or sensitivity to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin. While not everyone with these conditions will develop nasal polyps, those with a combination of these factors may be at higher risk.

The exact cause of polyp formation is not always clear. Researchers believe it may involve an overactive immune response in the nasal and sinus tissues.

Are nasal polyps serious?

Nasal polyps themselves are not life-threatening, but they can significantly affect your quality of life. Large or multiple polyps may cause ongoing discomfort, difficulty breathing, and recurring infections. In rare cases, untreated nasal polyps can lead to complications like obstructive sleep apnoea, a condition where breathing stops and starts repeatedly during sleep.

If you suspect nasal polyps are affecting you, early diagnosis and treatment can prevent complications and help you feel better sooner.

How are nasal polyps treated?

Treatment for nasal polyps typically begins with medications designed to reduce inflammation. Corticosteroid nasal sprays are often prescribed to shrink polyps and ease symptoms. In some cases, a short course of oral corticosteroids may be recommended. If polyps persist or are particularly troublesome, other treatments like antihistamines or antibiotics may be used to address underlying conditions.

For severe or recurrent cases, surgery might be necessary to remove the polyps. This procedure, known as endoscopic sinus surgery, is minimally invasive and aims to restore normal airflow and sinus drainage.

Discuss your symptoms with a doctor to determine the best treatment plan for your individual needs.

Can nasal polyps be prevented?

While there is no guaranteed way to prevent nasal polyps, managing conditions like allergies and asthma can reduce your risk. Using a saline spray or rinse to keep your nasal passages moist and clear may also help. Avoiding irritants like cigarette smoke and strong fumes can minimise inflammation and lower your chances of developing polyps. Regular check-ups with your doctor can catch any issues early.