What to know about ADHD

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects both children and adults, characterised by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. While often diagnosed in childhood, ADHD can continue into adulthood, impacting various aspects of life, including academic performance, work productivity, and interpersonal relationships. Here to explain more is revered consultant psychiatrist, Dr Prajakta Patil. 

Symptoms

ADHD symptoms are generally categorised into two main types: inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity. Individuals with inattention may struggle to focus on tasks, follow through on instructions, or organise activities. They might frequently lose items necessary for tasks and be easily distracted by extraneous stimuli.

On the other hand, those exhibiting hyperactivity-impulsivity may fidget, talk excessively, interrupt others, or have difficulty waiting their turn.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing ADHD involves a comprehensive evaluation by a healthcare professional. This process typically includes interviews with the individual and their family members, behavioural assessments, and standardised rating scales. It’s essential to differentiate ADHD from other conditions that may present similar symptoms, such as anxiety disorders or learning disabilities.

Causes and risk factors

The exact cause of ADHD remains unclear; however, research suggests that genetics play a significant role. Children with a family history of ADHD are more likely to develop the disorder. Environmental factors such as prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke or alcohol, low birth weight, and lead exposure have also been linked to an increased risk of developing ADHD.

Treatment options

Effective management of ADHD often involves a combination of behavioural therapy and medication. Stimulant medications like methylphenidate and amphetamines are commonly prescribed and have been shown to improve focus and reduce impulsivity in many individuals. Behavioural interventions can help develop coping strategies and organisational skills.

Living with ADHD

Living with ADHD can present challenges but also offers unique strengths such as creativity and high energy levels. Support from family, educators, and mental health professionals is crucial for individuals with ADHD to thrive. Creating structured environments and utilizing tools like planners or reminders can significantly enhance daily functioning.