Breast cancer in young women: what you need to know

Breast cancer is a serious health condition that affects many women across the world. While it is more commonly associated with older women, young women can also develop breast cancer.

This article aims to answer some of the most common questions young women may have about breast cancer, its causes, symptoms, and treatment options.

How common is breast cancer in young women?

Although breast cancer is less common in women under 40, it is still possible for younger women to be diagnosed with the disease. In the UK, around 5-7% of breast cancer cases occur in women under the age of 40. For this reason, it is important for young women to be aware of the potential risks and know what to look out for.

What are the symptoms of breast cancer in young women?

The symptoms of breast cancer in young women are generally the same as those in older women.

Some common signs include:

• A lump or thickened area in the breast or armpit.
• Changes in the size, shape, or appearance of the breast.
• Nipple discharge, especially if it is bloody.
• Skin changes, such as dimpling or redness.
• A persistent pain in the breast or armpit.

If you notice any of these symptoms, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional, even if you believe you are too young to have breast cancer. Early detection can significantly improve outcomes.

Are there specific risk factors for breast cancer in young women?

While the exact cause of breast cancer is unknown, certain factors can increase the risk in young women.

These include:

• Family history: if a close relative (such as a mother, sister, or grandmother) has had breast cancer, your risk may be higher.
• Genetic mutations: mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are known to increase the likelihood of developing breast cancer. Women with these mutations may be diagnosed at a younger age.
• Radiation exposure: if you received radiation therapy to your chest during childhood or adolescence, your risk may be elevated.
• Lifestyle factors: smoking, alcohol consumption, lack of physical activity, and poor diet may also contribute to the development of breast cancer.

Is breast cancer in young women more aggressive?

Breast cancer in younger women is often diagnosed at a more advanced stage compared to older women. This can be due to a variety of reasons, such as lack of routine screening in younger populations and the tendency to dismiss symptoms as less serious.

In addition, some studies suggest that certain types of breast cancer, such as triple-negative breast cancer, are more aggressive in younger women. As a result, treatment may need to be more intensive.

What are the treatment options?

The treatment options for breast cancer depend on the type and stage of the cancer. In general, the main treatment methods include:

• Surgery: this may involve removing the tumour (lumpectomy) or the entire breast (mastectomy).
• Chemotherapy: often used to shrink the tumour or to target cancer cells that may have spread.
• Radiotherapy: uses high-energy radiation to destroy cancer cells.
• Hormonal therapy: for hormone receptor-positive cancers, medications like tamoxifen may be prescribed to block hormone activity.
• Targeted therapy: in some cases, newer drugs that specifically target cancer cells, like Herceptin, may be used.

Your treatment plan will depend on your specific situation and should be discussed with your healthcare team.

How does breast cancer affect fertility?

One of the concerns for young women diagnosed with breast cancer is how treatment might affect their ability to have children in the future. Certain treatments, especially chemotherapy, can have an impact on fertility. If this is a concern for you, it is essential to discuss fertility preservation options with your doctor before starting treatment. Options such as egg or embryo freezing may be considered.

What support is available for young women with breast cancer?

Being diagnosed with breast cancer at a young age can be emotionally challenging. Many young women worry about the impact on their personal lives, careers, and relationships.

Fortunately, there are many support services available in the UK, including counselling, support groups, and online communities where you can connect with others who are going through similar experiences. Charities such as Breast Cancer Now and Macmillan Cancer Support also provide valuable resources.