Common thyroid disorders and their symptoms

The thyroid gland, located at the base of the neck, plays a critical role in regulating metabolism, energy levels, and overall hormonal balance. When it malfunctions, it can lead to several thyroid disorders, each with distinct symptoms and effects. Here’s an overview of the most common thyroid disorders and their symptoms.

Hypothyroidism (Underactive thyroid)

What is it?

Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormones, leading to a slowed metabolism.  Autoimmune conditions such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, iodine deficiency or certain medications are the most common causes.

Symptoms:

• Fatigue
• Weight gain
• Cold sensitivity
• Dry skin and brittle hair
• Depression or low mood
• Constipation
• Puffiness, especially around the face
• Hoarseness
• Slow heart rate

Hyperthyroidism (Overactive thyroid)

What is it?

Hyperthyroidism arises when the thyroid gland produces excessive hormones, speeding up the body's metabolism. It’s commonly associated with Graves’ disease, thyroid nodules, or excessive iodine intake.

Symptoms:

• Nervousness or anxiety
• Weight loss despite normal or increased appetite
• Heat intolerance
• Rapid or irregular heartbeat
• Tremors
• Increased sweating
• Sleep disturbances
• Diarrhoea
• Muscle weakness

Thyroid nodules

What are they?

Thyroid nodules are growths or lumps in the thyroid gland, which can be solid or fluid-filled. Most nodules are benign, but some may cause symptoms if they grow large or secrete hormones.

Symptoms:

• Visible lump or swelling in the neck
• Swallowing or breathing difficulties, depending on if the nodule is large
• Hoarseness
• Symptoms of hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism (if the nodule affects hormone production)

Goitre

What is it?

A goitre is an enlargement of the thyroid gland, often caused by iodine deficiency, autoimmune thyroid diseases, or other thyroid dysfunctions.

Symptoms:

• Swelling at the base of the neck
• Tightness or discomfort in the throat
• Difficulty swallowing or breathing (in severe cases)
• Symptoms of hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism (if associated with those conditions)

Thyroid cancer

What is it?

Thyroid cancer occurs when malignant cells develop in the thyroid gland. While rare, it often presents with few or no symptoms in its early stages.

Symptoms:

• A painless lump or swelling in the neck
• Hoarseness or voice changes
• Difficulty swallowing
• Persistent cough not linked to a cold
• Swollen lymph nodes in the neck

Postpartum thyroiditis

What is it?
 

This temporary thyroid condition affects some women after childbirth, causing either hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism symptoms.

Symptoms:

• Fatigue
• Weight changes
• Hair thinning
• Mood swings or depression
• Symptoms of hyperthyroidism followed by hypothyroidism

When to seek medical advice for thyroid disorders

If you notice any of the above symptoms or changes in your neck area, consult your GP or an endocrinologist. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for managing thyroid disorders and preventing complications.

Maintaining thyroid health

Routine check-ups, blood tests to monitor thyroid hormone levels, and paying attention to symptoms can help ensure timely intervention and effective management of thyroid conditions. With proper treatment, most thyroid disorders can be well-controlled, allowing you to maintain a healthy and active life.