From migraine to back pain: how to decode your body's pain signals

Pain is the body’s way of signalling that something is wrong. Whether it’s a sharp headache or lingering back pain, understanding the different types of pain can help you identify underlying conditions and seek appropriate treatment.

 

What causes migraine pain?

Migraines are a type of headache characterised by intense, throbbing pain, usually on one side of the head. They often come with other symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light or sound. The exact cause of migraines is not fully understood, but certain factors can trigger an attack, including:
 

• Stress: emotional stress can lead to the release of chemicals in the brain that cause blood vessel changes, triggering migraines.
   
• Hormonal changes: many women experience migraines linked to hormonal fluctuations, particularly during menstruation, pregnancy, or menopause.
   
• Dietary triggers: certain foods and drinks, such as caffeine, alcohol, or aged cheeses, may provoke a migraine in some people.
   
• Sleep disturbances: both too much and too little sleep can trigger migraines.
   
• Sensory stimuli: bright lights, loud noises, or strong smells can act as triggers for some individuals.
   

If you experience frequent or severe migraines, it’s important to keep a diary of your triggers and discuss treatment options with your doctor. Medications such as triptans or preventative treatments may be recommended.

 

What does sharp back pain indicate?

Back pain is a common issue and can range from mild discomfort to severe, debilitating pain. Sharp back pain is often a sign of a muscle strain or injury, but it can also indicate other conditions. Some of the causes of sharp back pain include:
 

• Muscle strain: lifting heavy objects, sudden movements, or poor posture can lead to strained muscles in the back. This type of pain is usually localised and may improve with rest and gentle stretching.
   
• Herniated disc: a sharp pain that radiates down the leg may be a sign of a herniated (slipped) disc. This occurs when the soft tissue inside a spinal disc pushes through its outer layer and presses on a nerve.
   
• Sciatica: pain that shoots from the lower back down to the buttock and leg can be caused by pressure on the sciatic nerve, leading to inflammation or irritation.
   
• Osteoarthritis: if you experience sharp pain along with stiffness, especially in the morning, it may be a sign of arthritis affecting the spine.
   

If your back pain is severe, persistent, or accompanied by symptoms such as numbness, weakness, or loss of bladder control, seek medical attention immediately.

 

How can you differentiate between a headache and a migraine?

While both headaches and migraines can cause discomfort, they are different in nature and intensity. Here are some key differences:

• Migraine: a migraine is typically more intense than a regular headache. It is usually localised to one side of the head and often accompanied by symptoms such as nausea, sensitivity to light, or visual disturbances (aura). Migraines can last anywhere from a few hours to several days.
   
• Tension headache: this is the most common type of headache, often described as a dull, tight band of pain around the forehead. Unlike migraines, tension headaches are usually less severe and are not accompanied by nausea or sensitivity to light.
   
• Cluster headache: these are rare but extremely painful headaches that occur in cycles or clusters. They usually cause intense pain around one eye or on one side of the head. The pain can last for weeks or months before going into remission.
   

Understanding the type of headache or migraine you’re experiencing is crucial for getting the right treatment, whether that’s over-the-counter pain relief or prescription medications.

 

What role does stress play in physical pain?

Stress can contribute to or exacerbate physical pain in several ways. When you are stressed, your body releases hormones such as cortisol, which can lead to muscle tension, especially in the neck, shoulders, and back. Chronic stress can also make you more sensitive to pain, lowering your threshold for discomfort. Here are some ways stress can impact physical pain:
 

• Muscle tension: stress can cause muscles to tighten, particularly in the back, neck, and shoulders. Over time, this can lead to muscle strain, tension headaches, and chronic pain.
   
• Increased pain sensitivity: stress and anxiety can alter how the brain processes pain signals, making you more aware of even mild discomfort. This is sometimes referred to as "pain amplification."
   
• Worsening of chronic conditions: stress can exacerbate existing conditions such as arthritis, migraines, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), making pain more frequent and severe.
   
• Poor posture: when stressed, people often adopt poor posture—such as slouching or tensing their shoulders—which can contribute to back pain and other musculoskeletal issues.
   

Managing stress is essential for preventing and reducing physical pain. Techniques such as deep breathing, regular exercise, and mindfulness meditation can help you relax and reduce muscle tension.

When should you seek medical help for pain?

While mild or occasional pain may not require immediate medical attention, there are certain instances when you should consult a healthcare professional. You should seek medical advice if:
 

• The pain is severe, persistent, or getting worse over time.
   
• The pain is accompanied by other symptoms, such as fever, numbness, or difficulty moving.
   
• Over-the-counter pain medications are not providing relief.
   
• Pain is interfering with your daily activities, sleep, or mental well-being.
   
• The pain is the result of an injury, especially if swelling, bruising, or deformity is present.
   

In the case of conditions like migraines, chronic back pain, or joint issues, a doctor may recommend diagnostic tests such as X-rays, MRI scans, or blood tests to identify the underlying cause. They may also suggest medications, physical therapy, or lifestyle changes to help manage your symptoms.

 

How can lifestyle changes help manage pain?

Making certain lifestyle adjustments can be an effective way to manage or even prevent chronic pain. Here are some strategies that can help:
 

• Regular exercise: engaging in physical activity can help improve blood flow, strengthen muscles, and reduce tension. Low-impact exercises such as walking, swimming, or yoga can be especially beneficial for people with chronic pain conditions like back pain or arthritis.
   
• Healthy diet: a balanced diet rich in anti-inflammatory foods, such as fruits, vegetables, and omega-3 fatty acids, can help reduce pain, especially for those with arthritis or other inflammatory conditions.
   
• Posture correction: ensuring good posture when sitting, standing, and lifting can reduce strain on your back and neck, preventing pain from poor alignment.
   
• Adequate sleep: poor sleep can worsen pain, so it's important to maintain a regular sleep schedule and create a restful environment to improve both sleep quality and pain management.
   
• Stress management: reducing stress through relaxation techniques, mindfulness, or therapy can have a direct impact on how your body experiences and responds to pain.