Low back pain: What causes it and how can it be managed?

Low back pain is a widespread health issue that impacts millions of people around the globe. It can range from a mild ache to severe discomfort, interfering with daily activities and quality of life. Esteemed consultant spinal neurosurgeon Mr Pratipal Kalsi explores some key aspects of this condition to help you better navigate its challenges.

What causes low back pain?

Low back pain can stem from various causes, both temporary and chronic. Often, it arises due to strain or injury to the muscles and ligaments in the lower back, which may happen after heavy lifting, awkward movements, or prolonged sitting. Such cases are referred to as mechanical back pain, meaning they are linked to the way your spine, muscles, and joints move.

Another cause is disc problems, such as a herniated disc, where the soft cushion-like material between the bones of the spine pushes out and irritates nearby nerves. This can lead to pain that radiates down the legs, often referred to as sciatica. Conditions like arthritis, which causes inflammation and stiffness in joints, and osteoporosis, where bones become fragile and prone to fractures, can also contribute to low back pain, particularly in older individuals.

In rare cases, low back pain may be linked to serious underlying conditions such as infections, tumours, or fractures. If your pain is severe, accompanied by unexplained weight loss, or worsens at night, it’s essential to seek medical attention promptly.

When should you see a doctor?

Most low back pain improves within a few weeks with simple self-care measures. However, you should consult a doctor if your pain is persistent or severe, especially if it’s accompanied by symptoms like numbness, weakness, or difficulty controlling your bladder or bowels. These could indicate nerve compression, which may require urgent treatment.

Similarly, pain that develops after an injury, such as a fall or accident, or in individuals with a history of cancer or weakened bones, warrants prompt evaluation.

How can low back pain be treated?

The treatment for low back pain will be determined due to cause and severity of pain. For most cases of mechanical back pain, rest combined with gentle activity often helps. Pain relievers such as paracetamol or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can reduce discomfort. Applying heat or cold packs may also alleviate pain and swelling.

For ongoing pain, physiotherapy is often beneficial. A physiotherapist can guide you through exercises that strengthen the core muscles, improve posture, and increase flexibility, reducing the risk of future episodes.

If pain persists or is caused by specific issues like a herniated disc, additional interventions, including injections or, in rare cases, surgery, may be recommended. Some people may find relief through complementary therapies such as acupuncture or massage.

Can low back pain be prevented?

While not all cases of low back pain are avoidable, maintaining a healthy lifestyle can reduce your risk. Regular exercise, focusing on strengthening the core and improving flexibility, is particularly effective. Additionally, adopting good posture and ergonomics, especially when sitting for extended periods or lifting heavy objects, can protect your lower back.

By staying informed about low back pain and its management, you can take proactive steps to maintain your spinal health and minimise the impact of this common condition.

If you would like to book a consultation with Mr Kalsi, do not hesitate to do so by visiting his Top Doctors profile today.