Possible health conditions associated with chronic inflammation

There are various causes of chronic inflammation. If you experience it, discovering what’s behind it can kickstart treatment - and potentially relieve the uncomfortable sensations such as fatigue, fever and joint pain. In this informative article, Dr Yahya Mahgoub, leading consultant in diabetes, endocrinology and internal medicine, tells us all about the possible health conditions associated with chronic inflammation.

What conditions can be a sign of chronic inflammation?

Cardiovascular disease

Chronic low-grade inflammation is a known risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis (plaque buildup in arteries), which can lead to heart attacks or strokes.

Inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein (CRP) are often elevated in people at risk for cardiovascular diseases.

Metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes

Inflammation is implicated in insulin resistance, a key feature of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Chronic low-level inflammation can contribute to impaired glucose metabolism.

Obesity

Fat cells, particularly visceral fat (fat around organs), release pro-inflammatory cytokines, contributing to chronic inflammation. 

Autoimmune diseases

In some autoimmune conditions (such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus), inflammation can occur.

Chronic pain syndromes

Conditions like fibromyalgia or chronic fatigue syndrome may involve an inflammatory response. 

Neurodegenerative diseases

Chronic, low-grade inflammation has been linked to conditions like Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Inflammatory responses in the brain may contribute to neuronal damage over time.

What other health conditions can indicate chronic inflammation?

Cancer

Chronic inflammation is thought to play a role in cancer development by promoting a microenvironment that supports tumour growth and metastasis. 

Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

Chronic inflammation is often seen in individuals with CKD. It can accelerate the progression of kidney damage and impair the kidney’s ability to filter waste effectively.

Chronic respiratory conditions

Conditions like asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may also involve inflammation in the lungs, which can lead to worsening symptoms over time, even if no acute flare-ups are present.

Mental health disorders

Subclinical inflammation has been linked to mood disorders like depression and anxiety. Inflammation in the brain can affect neurotransmitter systems and stress responses, contributing to mental health issues.

How is chronic inflammation assessed and diagnosed?

Interleukin-6 (IL-6)

• This chemical, which is active in inflammation, can be elevated even if you don’t feel sick. Physicians may use these markers to assess chronic low-grade inflammation and identify potential health risks.

How is chronic inflammation treated?

• Anti-inflammatory diet: Eating foods rich in antioxidants (e.g., fruits, vegetables, whole grains) and Omega-3 fatty acids (e.g., fish, nuts) 
• Exercise: Regular physical activity helps reduce chronic inflammation.
• Weight management
• Stress management