Prostate cancer: Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

In his latest online article, renowned consultant urologist Mr Edward Calleja delves into prostate cancer. He explains the symptoms you should watch out for, how it is diagnosed and the different treatment options available.

What are the early symptoms of prostate cancer?

Early symptoms of prostate cancer can often be similar to other, less severe conditions. The early signs may include:

• Frequent urination: Especially during the night
• Difficulty starting urination: Struggling to start the flow of urine
• Weak urine stream: A weaker or less direct stream than usual
• Blood in urine or semen: Though this could be indicative of other issues as well
• Pain or discomfort: During urination or ejaculation
• Erectile dysfunction: Difficulty in achieving or maintaining an erection

It's crucial to consult a doctor if you experience these symptoms, as they could indicate other conditions like benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostatitis.

How is prostate cancer diagnosed, and what are the screening options?

Prostate cancer is typically diagnosed through a combination of tests and evaluations:

• Digital rectal exam (DRE): A physician checks for abnormalities by physically examining the prostate.
• Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) Test: A blood test to measure the level of PSA. Higher levels may indicate cancer, though it's not definitive.
• Biopsy: Prostate tissue samples are taken and examined for cancer cells.
• Imaging: MRI or CT scans may also be used for diagnosis.

Screening options

• Regular PSA testing: Recommended for men over 50, or earlier for those at higher risk.
• DRE: As part of an annual check-up for men over 50 or those at higher risk.

What are the treatment options for prostate cancer?

Treatment largely depends on the stage of the cancer, the age of the patient, and other health conditions. Options include:

• Active surveillance: Monitoring for men with low-risk prostate cancer
• Surgery: Radical prostatectomy removes the prostate gland.
• Radiation therapy: Includes external beam radiation or brachytherapy.
• Hormone therapy: To reduce levels or block the action of testosterone.
• Chemotherapy: Usually for late-stage or aggressive forms of cancer.

What are the risk factors for developing prostate cancer?

Factors that can increase the risk of developing prostate cancer include:

• Age: More common in men over 50.
• Family history: Genetic predisposition increases risk.
• Race/ethnicity: Higher incidence in African American men.
• Diet: High-fat diet and low in fruits and vegetables.
• Obesity: May be associated with more aggressive forms of cancer.

Can prostate cancer be prevented, and what are the preventive measures?

While prostate cancer cannot be prevented entirely, certain measures can reduce the risk:

• Diet: Consuming a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables.
• Regular exercise: Helps maintain a healthy weight.
• Regular screenings: Early detection through PSA tests and DRE.
• Avoid smoking: Smoking is associated with a higher risk of various cancers, including prostate.

By understanding these factors and working on modifiable lifestyle choices, the risk of developing prostate cancer can potentially be reduced.

If you would like to book a consultation with Mr Edward Calleja you can do so today via his Top Doctors profile.