Spotting the warning signs of precancerous oral lesions

Precancerous oral lesions are changes in the tissues of the mouth that could potentially develop into oral cancer if left untreated. These changes can appear on the tongue, inside the cheeks, on the roof or floor of the mouth, or even on the lips. While the presence of such lesions does not necessarily mean you will develop cancer, they indicate a risk that should be taken seriously.

We speak to a leading oral & maxillofacial surgeon, who explains the warning signs of precancerous oral lesions.

What do these lesions look like?

Precancerous lesions can appear in several forms, often differing from person to person. The most common types are leukoplakia and erythroplakia. Leukoplakia refers to white patches or spots that cannot be scraped off and have no clear cause. Erythroplakia, on the other hand, presents as red patches that may bleed easily. Some lesions may appear as a mixture of white and red, known as speckled leukoplakia. These changes may or may not cause discomfort, which is why they are often overlooked.

Who is at risk of developing these lesions?

Certain factors increase the likelihood of developing precancerous oral lesions. Tobacco use, whether through smoking or chewing, is one of the leading risk factors. Alcohol consumption, particularly when combined with tobacco, further heightens the risk. Other contributors include prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light (especially for lip lesions), irritation from poorly fitting dentures, and a diet lacking in essential nutrients. Additionally, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has been linked to some oral lesions.

Should you be concerned about these lesions?

While not all oral lesions are dangerous, any persistent changes in your mouth should be evaluated by a doctor. Precancerous lesions do not always cause pain or discomfort, so regular dental check-ups are essential. Early detection can make a significant difference, as treatment is often more effective before the lesions progress.

How are these lesions diagnosed?

Diagnosis typically involves a thorough examination of your mouth by a dentist or doctor. If they notice any suspicious areas, they may recommend a biopsy, which involves taking a small tissue sample for analysis under a microscope. This helps determine whether the lesion is precancerous or if it has already progressed to cancer.

What can you do to reduce your risk?

Preventing precancerous oral lesions involves lifestyle changes and regular self-care. Avoiding tobacco and limiting alcohol consumption are two critical steps. Protecting your lips from UV exposure by using a lip balm with sunscreen can also help. Maintaining good oral hygiene and a   supports overall oral health. Importantly, seeing your dentist regularly allows for early detection of any concerning changes.

If you notice unusual changes in your mouth, such as persistent patches, ulcers, or swelling, do not ignore them. Prompt evaluation can make all the difference in protecting your oral health.