The difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes: Causes, diagnosis and treatment
Written in association with:Diabetes is a chronic condition, and it affects the body’s ability to regulate blood sugar (glucose). There are two main types of diabetes, type 1 and type 2. They differ in what causes them, their development, and treatment. Understanding these differences is crucial for proper management and care.
What causes type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition. This means that the immune system attacks the pancreas’ insulin-producing cells. This results in little or no insulin production. The exact cause of this autoimmune response is unclear, but it is thought to involve a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Typically, type 1 diabetes develops in childhood or early adulthood. However, it can occur at any age.
Type 2 diabetes, on the other hand, is linked to lifestyle factors and genetics. The body becomes insulin-resistant, or the pancreas doesn’t produce enough. Factors such as being overweight, lack of physical activity and a family history of the condition increase the risk developing it. Type 2 diabetes is more common in adults but is increasingly diagnosed in younger individuals due to rising obesity rates.
What are the symptoms of type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
Both types of diabetes have the following symptoms:
- Feeling thirsty
- Passing more urine
- Tiredness
- Recurrent infections
In type 1 diabetes, there is a rapid onset of symptoms.
How are both types of diabetes diagnosed?
Both diabetes types are diagnosed using similar tests. They measure blood glucose levels, and include:
- Fasting plasma glucose test: Measures blood sugar levels after an overnight fast.
- HbA1c test: Provides an average blood sugar level over the past two to three months.
- Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT): Assesses how the body processes sugar after consuming a glucose drink.
In type 1 diabetes cases, additional tests may look for the presence of autoantibodies, in order to confirm its autoimmune nature. When it comes to diagnosing type 2 diabetes, this is often based on lifestyle and health history, as well as assessing blood sugar levels.
What is the treatment for type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
Type 1 diabetes is managed with daily insulin injections or the use of an insulin pump, as the body cannot produce insulin. Blood sugar levels must be closely monitored monitored using a glucometer or continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems. Hybrid close loop (HCL) systems, sometimes referred to as artificial pancreas, uses insulin pumps and CGM systems together via Bluetooth connectivity and will help achieve tighter blood glucose control. A healthy diet and regular exercise also play an important role in maintaining stable blood sugar levels.
Weight loss is a critical component in managing Type 2 diabetes, as even modest reductions in body weight can significantly improve blood sugar control, reduce insulin resistance, and lower the risk of complications. Medications like Wegovy (semaglutide) and Mounjaro (tirzepatide) have emerged as promising treatments, offering substantial weight loss benefits alongside their glucose-lowering effects.
Wegovy, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, works by mimicking hormones that regulate appetite, leading to reduced food intake and improved blood sugar levels. Mounjaro, a dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist, enhances insulin sensitivity and promotes weight loss through its dual-action mechanism. These medications are often prescribed for individuals with a high body mass index (BMI) or those struggling to lose weight through diet and exercise alone.
In addition to these options, comprehensive treatment plans should include dietary counselling, physical activity, and behavioural therapies. In advanced cases, insulin therapy might be required. Monitoring blood sugar and regular check-ups are essential for managing type 2 diabetes effectively. Bariatric surgery may be considered for those with severe obesity who fail to respond to medical interventions.
Can type 1 or type 2 diabetes be prevented?
While type 1 diabetes cannot be prevented due to its autoimmune nature, type 2 diabetes can often be delayed or avoided through healthy lifestyle choices. Maintaining a healthy weight, exercising regularly, eating a balanced diet, and avoiding smoking are key preventive measures. Early detection and management of prediabetes can also reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
Understanding the distinctions between type 1 and type 2 diabetes helps individuals take the right steps toward diagnosis, treatment and prevention, leading to better health outcomes.
