Treatment options for retinal detachment

Retinal detachment is a serious eye condition where the retina, a thin layer of tissue at the back of the eye, separates from its normal position. This separation prevents the retina from functioning properly, which can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly. The treatment approach for retinal detachment depends on the severity and type of detachment.

Here are the primary treatment options:

What is retinal detachment?

Retinal detachment occurs when the retina is pulled away from its underlying layer of blood vessels that supply it with oxygen and nutrients. This can result in sudden vision changes, such as seeing flashes of light, floaters or a shadow over the visual field. Immediate medical attention is crucial to preserve vision.

What are the common treatment options for retinal detachment?

1. Laser surgery (photocoagulation)

Laser surgery is often used when there is a retinal tear or hole that has not yet progressed to full detachment. A laser is used during this procedure to create tiny burns around the tear. These form scar tissue and help to seal the retina to the underlying tissue. This prevents fluid from leaking underneath and reduces the risk of detachment.

2. Cryopexy (freezing treatment)

Cryopexy involves applying intense cold to the affected area, which causes scar tissue to form and seal the retina to the underlying layer. It is usually performed in conjunction with other procedures to stabilise the retina before definitive surgical treatment.

3. Pneumatic retinopexy

Pneumatic retinopexy is a minimally invasive procedure often used for certain types of detachment. The surgeon injects a gas bubble into the eye, which presses the detached part of the retina back into place. Laser or cryopexy may be used alongside this method to secure the retina further. The patient may need to maintain a specific head position for several days to keep the bubble in the correct place.

4. Scleral buckle surgery

This surgical procedure involves placing a small, flexible band (scleral buckle) around the eye's exterior. The band gently pushes the eye wall inward, allowing the retina to reattach. Scleral buckle surgery is particularly effective for chronic retinal detachments in young patients and in eyes where there has not been a separation of the vitreous (jelly if the eye) from the retina. 

5. Vitrectomy

Vitrectomy is a more complex surgical approach where the vitreous gel that is pulling on the retina is removed and replaced with a gas bubble, air, or silicone oil. This relieves traction and helps reattach the retina. This procedure is typically chosen for more severe or complicated detachments and may require a recovery period during which the patient must maintain a specific head position.

Recovery and follow-up care

Recovery from retinal detachment surgery varies based on the type of procedure performed. It is common for patients to experience mild discomfort, blurred vision, and sensitivity to light for a few weeks post-surgery. Follow-up visits are essential to monitor healing and ensure that the retina remains securely attached.

Patients may need to take precautions such as avoiding strenuous activities, refraining from flying (due to pressure changes affecting gas bubbles), and using prescribed eye drops to prevent infection or inflammation.

Retinal detachment is an urgent medical condition that requires prompt intervention to prevent permanent vision loss. With advances in medical and surgical techniques, many forms of retinal detachment can be effectively treated. Early detection is key, and individuals experiencing symptoms such as sudden floaters, flashes of light, or a shadow over their vision should seek immediate medical attention. Consulting with an ophthalmologist ensures that an appropriate and timely treatment plan is devised, tailored to the specific type and severity of detachment.