Vaccines explained: what you need to know about immunisations for all ages

Vaccination is a crucial part of maintaining public health, protecting individuals from infectious diseases, and preventing outbreaks. With so much information available, it can be confusing to understand which vaccines are necessary and when to get them.

Below, we address common questions to help you navigate the world of immunisations at every stage of life.

What are vaccines and how do they work?

Vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to produce an immune response, similar to how it would respond to a real infection. However, vaccines contain killed or weakened forms of the disease-causing agent, so they do not cause illness.

This "training" of the immune system helps the body recognise and fight the disease more effectively if exposed in the future.

Why are vaccines important?

Vaccines prevent potentially serious illnesses, such as measles, polio, and influenza, by creating immunity before exposure to the disease. They also contribute to herd immunity, which protects vulnerable groups who cannot be vaccinated, such as newborns or individuals with compromised immune systems.

What are the essential vaccines for children?

The UK immunisation schedule provides a list of recommended vaccines for children. Some of the most critical vaccines include:

• MMR (measles, mumps, rubella): Given at 1 year and again at 3 years and 4 months.
• DTP (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis): Given at 8, 12, and 16 weeks, followed by boosters.
• Rotavirus: Given as two doses, at 8 and 12 weeks.
• HPV (human papillomavirus): Recommended for girls and boys at 12-13 years old to protect against cervical and other cancers.

Do adults need vaccines?

Yes, adults may require certain vaccines based on their health, age, lifestyle, and travel needs. For instance:

• Influenza vaccine: Recommended annually, especially for those over 65 or with chronic health conditions.
• Pneumococcal vaccine: Advised for adults over 65 or younger adults with specific health conditions like asthma.
• Tetanus booster: Given every 10 years.
• Shingles vaccine: Recommended for adults over 70 years old.

Are vaccines safe?

Vaccines are rigorously tested for safety and effectiveness before they are approved. While mild side effects, such as soreness at the injection site or a low-grade fever, can occur, serious side effects are extremely rare. The benefits of vaccines in preventing serious diseases far outweigh the risks of these side effects.

Can I still get a disease even after being vaccinated?

In some cases, it is possible to contract a disease even after vaccination, but the symptoms are usually much milder than in someone who hasn’t been vaccinated. Vaccines significantly reduce the risk of infection and help prevent serious complications.

What about vaccines for travel?

If you’re travelling to certain parts of the world, you may need additional vaccines, such as those for yellow fever, typhoid, or hepatitis A. It’s important to check the vaccination requirements for your destination at least 6-8 weeks before your trip.

How do I know which vaccines I need?

Your GP or healthcare provider can review your medical history and advise on the necessary vaccines for you and your family. Keeping up with the recommended immunisation schedule ensures that you remain protected throughout your life.

Conclusion

Vaccines play a critical role in protecting individuals and communities from preventable diseases. By staying up-to-date on your vaccinations and following the recommended schedules, you can safeguard your health and the health of those around you.

Regular consultations with your GP will help you stay informed about any vaccines you may need as you age or if you have specific health concerns.